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Traditional or Roth

THE CHOICE BETWEEN a traditional retirement account or a Roth is a frequent topic on HumbleDollar. The choice is generally framed as a choice between paying taxes up front (a Roth), or deferring taxes until withdrawal (traditional). I thought it would be interesting to evaluate a real-life example of how this choice might work out. In December of 2016 my wife and I had an opportunity to each open a Roth IRA. My wife took a partial sabbatical that year, and that, combined with maxing out our 401k accounts, gave us a chance to each open a $4,500 Roth IRA. The maximum allowable contribution that year was $6,500 for those 50 and over. Up until then we had assumed that our marginal tax bracket would likely be lower in retirement, and focused on contributing to our employer’s traditional 401k plans. Despite that, we decided to move forward with opening a Roth IRA. I thought it would give us some tax diversity, and the opportunity to do Roth conversions when, and if, it made sense in the future.  In December of 2016 we opened Roth IRAs at Vanguard and invested the $4,500 in their S&P 500 Index Fund. Those initial funds have been invested for almost 10 years. Over that decade we have added some additional funds, and have done a few conversions. I recently did a quick analysis to see how my Roth experience would have compared to investing in a traditional IRA.   In 2016, our marginal tax bracket was 28%.  To contribute the $4,500 required $6,250 of pre-tax income. Due to some financial engineering over the last year, including selling our second home in late 2025, I expect our 2026 marginal tax bracket to stay within the 12% bracket. I’ve been looking at this closely because I’m considering doing a Roth conversion later this year. The table below shows the comparison between the Roth performance, and what a traditional IRA would have produced. The annual rate of return was determined using Nick Maggiulli’s S&P 500 Historical Return Calculator. Roth vs Traditional The table shows that the Traditional IRA would have been the better choice, producing about $3,500 more in available funds, or about 22% more. This demonstrates that the primary driver in choosing between a Roth and a traditional qualified account is a consideration of the tax rates at the time of contribution and at the time of distribution. There have been a number of changes to the tax code in the last decade that have contributed to the result, but I certainly didn’t predict any of them.  If you guess wrong, you pay the price in a higher tax bill. In the example above, the extra $1,750 invested in the traditional account produced an additional $6,143.31 in earnings. The lower tax rate at the distribution of the traditional IRA results in the $3,500 in extra funds. Even though the Roth IRA had tax free earnings growth, the initial larger tax rate overcame that advantage, when compared to the traditional IRA.   Because of my pension and my wife’s social security benefit, 85% of her social security benefit is taxable income, so that is not a consideration in our tax calculation. I used Dinkytown’s 1040 Calculator to run a series of estimates of our 2026 tax return to assess if we want to execute a Roth Conversion this year. We are still 4 years from taking RMDs, and I will start my Social Security in a year when I turn 70. My current thinking is a conversion of about $40,000 will keep us in the 12% bracket. There would also be a small NJ state tax impact. My simple analysis reinforces what I’ve been taught. Roth contributions make the most sense when you think your current tax bracket is lower than when you expect to withdrawal the funds. There are secondary considerations, like no tax diversification, no RMDs, and uncertainty about future tax rates. If you intend to pass the funds to heirs, it might make sense to perform Roth conversions today at the 22% tax bracket if you intend to pass these accounts to heirs who may be in their peak earnings years. Not sure? I believe I recall several HumbleDollar contributors write something about splitting the difference?   Richard Connor is a semi-retired aerospace engineer with a keen interest in finance. He enjoys a wide variety of other interests, including chasing grandkids, space, sports, travel, winemaking and reading. Follow Rick on Twitter @RConnor609 and check out his earlier articles.
Read more »

Blood Money

"If a future NUA has limited value to you then if you are concerned about the concentration from owning a high percentage of XOM I would hope you have the option to diversify within your 401(k). Before retirement I previously had some 1040 tax clients whose 401(k) plans/funds had lower expense ratios than what is available at Vanguard so leaving their funds in their 401(k) made more sense than rolling to a 401(k)."
- William Perry
Read more »

Make the Attic Great Again

"I agree--it sounds like I would get along splendidly with your Christine. I will take a night at home with our dogs over...well...just about everything else. How do you like your 55+ community? We really like ours and are learning how much we appreciate having so many easily-accessible services. I also adore how much the folks here look after one another."
- kristinehayes2014
Read more »

What’s your Domicile?

"AD = Active Duty TX, FL, TN = three states without state income taxes Being on active duty Alaska = another state without a state income tax and also getting yearly income from the Permanent Fund Dividend"
- William Perry
Read more »

This would be a great posting on a web site with the name “HaughtyDollar.”

"Actually no decision to have a fourth child and never a backup plan. Of course, I never planned retirement either. I did take advantage of phased retirement though. If I had lost my job at 50, life would have been very different. Actually, I came within two months of that happening at age 62. Not sure of the purpose of your question. No one disputes there are exceptional situations in any situation. That still doesn’t change the fact most people who get into financial binds such as credit card debt could have avoided it."
- R Quinn
Read more »

The Value of Scratch Cooking in Retirement

"Tim, Regarding your first sentence: My wife gets frustrated when we go out and the quality of the food is inferior to her cooking which happens quite often. She is a great chef, and I have the physique as proof."
- DavidHLancaster
Read more »

Americans and their credit cards

"53% of Americans is greater than 46% of cardholders since all Americans don’t have credit cards so both those numbers can’t be correct."
- R Quinn
Read more »

Percentage that “age in place”

"Lots of important insights here. We’re still committed to aging in place, but being 83 have seen what our friends are encountering. I totally agree about the importance of having family nearby. That seems to be critical. Also, I think you’re right about memory care facilities. I really wonder about those with many residents in independent living and a handful in memory care. I know of one non profit CCRC where the independent living folks had the manager fired because he was spending on Memory Care and shortchanging their amenities. The prices you mention are very typical of those where I live."
- Marilyn Lavin
Read more »

Long Term Care

"Hi Jen. As someone who has been on the operations side of CCAH programs for over a decade I wanted to pop in here to make you aware that there are about 6 programs across the commonwealth of PA. So, depending on where you live you have options! (yay) The website Home - My House. My Home. will give you great guidance as to where they are offered in PA and actually across the nation."
- Jen Egizi
Read more »

How do you prepare for the long term care cost as retiree?

"Any way we slice it care needs are expensive. Whether you go the traditional route and move into a CCRC, join a CCAH program or self-fund. The care is expensive. I think it comes down to where do you want to be as you age?"
- Jen Egizi
Read more »

Bad Maths, Good Fire.

"David, I'm with you on the peat fire. I still burn peat now and then in winter — messy fuel, but that smell is hard to beat. These days it's surprisingly hard to come by in Ireland, thanks to legislation protecting the peat bogs."
- Mark Crothers
Read more »

The Intentional Spendthrift

"The train from Milan to Zurich is a beautiful, scenic journey — though my first time was a big disappointment. I hadn't realised there were two different routes, and I mistakenly booked the one that goes through the tunnel under the Alps. A few years later, I made sure to book the right one!"
- Mark Crothers
Read more »

Traditional or Roth

THE CHOICE BETWEEN a traditional retirement account or a Roth is a frequent topic on HumbleDollar. The choice is generally framed as a choice between paying taxes up front (a Roth), or deferring taxes until withdrawal (traditional). I thought it would be interesting to evaluate a real-life example of how this choice might work out. In December of 2016 my wife and I had an opportunity to each open a Roth IRA. My wife took a partial sabbatical that year, and that, combined with maxing out our 401k accounts, gave us a chance to each open a $4,500 Roth IRA. The maximum allowable contribution that year was $6,500 for those 50 and over. Up until then we had assumed that our marginal tax bracket would likely be lower in retirement, and focused on contributing to our employer’s traditional 401k plans. Despite that, we decided to move forward with opening a Roth IRA. I thought it would give us some tax diversity, and the opportunity to do Roth conversions when, and if, it made sense in the future.  In December of 2016 we opened Roth IRAs at Vanguard and invested the $4,500 in their S&P 500 Index Fund. Those initial funds have been invested for almost 10 years. Over that decade we have added some additional funds, and have done a few conversions. I recently did a quick analysis to see how my Roth experience would have compared to investing in a traditional IRA.   In 2016, our marginal tax bracket was 28%.  To contribute the $4,500 required $6,250 of pre-tax income. Due to some financial engineering over the last year, including selling our second home in late 2025, I expect our 2026 marginal tax bracket to stay within the 12% bracket. I’ve been looking at this closely because I’m considering doing a Roth conversion later this year. The table below shows the comparison between the Roth performance, and what a traditional IRA would have produced. The annual rate of return was determined using Nick Maggiulli’s S&P 500 Historical Return Calculator. Roth vs Traditional The table shows that the Traditional IRA would have been the better choice, producing about $3,500 more in available funds, or about 22% more. This demonstrates that the primary driver in choosing between a Roth and a traditional qualified account is a consideration of the tax rates at the time of contribution and at the time of distribution. There have been a number of changes to the tax code in the last decade that have contributed to the result, but I certainly didn’t predict any of them.  If you guess wrong, you pay the price in a higher tax bill. In the example above, the extra $1,750 invested in the traditional account produced an additional $6,143.31 in earnings. The lower tax rate at the distribution of the traditional IRA results in the $3,500 in extra funds. Even though the Roth IRA had tax free earnings growth, the initial larger tax rate overcame that advantage, when compared to the traditional IRA.   Because of my pension and my wife’s social security benefit, 85% of her social security benefit is taxable income, so that is not a consideration in our tax calculation. I used Dinkytown’s 1040 Calculator to run a series of estimates of our 2026 tax return to assess if we want to execute a Roth Conversion this year. We are still 4 years from taking RMDs, and I will start my Social Security in a year when I turn 70. My current thinking is a conversion of about $40,000 will keep us in the 12% bracket. There would also be a small NJ state tax impact. My simple analysis reinforces what I’ve been taught. Roth contributions make the most sense when you think your current tax bracket is lower than when you expect to withdrawal the funds. There are secondary considerations, like no tax diversification, no RMDs, and uncertainty about future tax rates. If you intend to pass the funds to heirs, it might make sense to perform Roth conversions today at the 22% tax bracket if you intend to pass these accounts to heirs who may be in their peak earnings years. Not sure? I believe I recall several HumbleDollar contributors write something about splitting the difference?   Richard Connor is a semi-retired aerospace engineer with a keen interest in finance. He enjoys a wide variety of other interests, including chasing grandkids, space, sports, travel, winemaking and reading. Follow Rick on Twitter @RConnor609 and check out his earlier articles.
Read more »

Blood Money

"If a future NUA has limited value to you then if you are concerned about the concentration from owning a high percentage of XOM I would hope you have the option to diversify within your 401(k). Before retirement I previously had some 1040 tax clients whose 401(k) plans/funds had lower expense ratios than what is available at Vanguard so leaving their funds in their 401(k) made more sense than rolling to a 401(k)."
- William Perry
Read more »

Make the Attic Great Again

"I agree--it sounds like I would get along splendidly with your Christine. I will take a night at home with our dogs over...well...just about everything else. How do you like your 55+ community? We really like ours and are learning how much we appreciate having so many easily-accessible services. I also adore how much the folks here look after one another."
- kristinehayes2014
Read more »

What’s your Domicile?

"AD = Active Duty TX, FL, TN = three states without state income taxes Being on active duty Alaska = another state without a state income tax and also getting yearly income from the Permanent Fund Dividend"
- William Perry
Read more »

This would be a great posting on a web site with the name “HaughtyDollar.”

"Actually no decision to have a fourth child and never a backup plan. Of course, I never planned retirement either. I did take advantage of phased retirement though. If I had lost my job at 50, life would have been very different. Actually, I came within two months of that happening at age 62. Not sure of the purpose of your question. No one disputes there are exceptional situations in any situation. That still doesn’t change the fact most people who get into financial binds such as credit card debt could have avoided it."
- R Quinn
Read more »

The Value of Scratch Cooking in Retirement

"Tim, Regarding your first sentence: My wife gets frustrated when we go out and the quality of the food is inferior to her cooking which happens quite often. She is a great chef, and I have the physique as proof."
- DavidHLancaster
Read more »

Americans and their credit cards

"53% of Americans is greater than 46% of cardholders since all Americans don’t have credit cards so both those numbers can’t be correct."
- R Quinn
Read more »

Percentage that “age in place”

"Lots of important insights here. We’re still committed to aging in place, but being 83 have seen what our friends are encountering. I totally agree about the importance of having family nearby. That seems to be critical. Also, I think you’re right about memory care facilities. I really wonder about those with many residents in independent living and a handful in memory care. I know of one non profit CCRC where the independent living folks had the manager fired because he was spending on Memory Care and shortchanging their amenities. The prices you mention are very typical of those where I live."
- Marilyn Lavin
Read more »

Long Term Care

"Hi Jen. As someone who has been on the operations side of CCAH programs for over a decade I wanted to pop in here to make you aware that there are about 6 programs across the commonwealth of PA. So, depending on where you live you have options! (yay) The website Home - My House. My Home. will give you great guidance as to where they are offered in PA and actually across the nation."
- Jen Egizi
Read more »

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Get Educated

Manifesto

NO. 24: OUR ONLY earthly immortality will be the memories of others. We should make sure those memories are good—by spending our wealth on special times with friends and family.

Truths

NO. 75: IF YOU BUY and hold individual stocks or stock index funds in a regular taxable account, you can defer taxes, just like you can in a retirement account. Any capital-gains tax bill is postponed until you sell. But for this tax deferral to be truly valuable, you need super-low portfolio turnover, holding investments for 10 or preferably 20 years.

humans

NO. 26: WE TEND to be overconfident—which isn’t a bad thing. Self-confident individuals tend to be happier, have a wider circle of friends and enjoy greater career success. Problem is, if we’re too confident in our financial abilities, there’s a risk we’ll rack up hefty investment costs and make big undiversified bets, both of which could come back to haunt us.

think

PASCAL’S WAGER. Belief in God is rational, argued Blaise Pascal. If you believe and God doesn’t exist, the price is modest: a less immoral life. But if you don’t believe and God does exist, the price is far higher: an eternity in hell. The lesson? When managing money, we should focus less on the odds of something happening and more on the consequences.

College-bound kids?

Manifesto

NO. 24: OUR ONLY earthly immortality will be the memories of others. We should make sure those memories are good—by spending our wealth on special times with friends and family.

Spotlight: College

A Real Education

WE’RE A SINGLE-INCOME family with five children, so the prospect of paying for college for all our kids is daunting, to say the least. Yes, our oldest is now in her second year of college. But we still have a long way to go before they’ve all crossed the finish line.
Our kids are ages 19, 17, 12, nine and six. We’ve been homeschooling them since the beginning, with a few brief exceptions, including one daughter in a Department of Defense high school in Korea for a year and another daughter in a private high school for two years.

Read more »

Ranking Colleges

I’VE TAUGHT BEHAVIORAL economics, which holds that even our most important decisions are influenced by unrecognized biases. For my students, there’s no better example than the choice of where they went to college.
Although the cost is enormous, the decision of where to go hinges on the smallest things. A teenager who says, “I want to be close to my boyfriend,” will zero in on a nearby college, even if her high school romance is fading.

Read more »

College Savings Forum

Over the last 17 years, I have been saving a modest amount each month in a 529 plan. I have been doing the same for my daughter for the past 14 years. Given the market performance and our steady contributions over time, these modest monthly contributions have grown to be a sizable amount. While I am thrilled that we should have most of our college cost covered, I’ve often wondered if the 529 plan was the best bet in saving for college.

Read more »

Eyeing College

INVESTING FOR education costs has never been more popular, as evidenced by recent Morningstar data. The research company found that 2021 was a record-breaking year for assets in 529 college savings plans. At almost $500 billion, total investments are up nearly fourfold over the past decade.
A big reason is the tax advantages—investments grow tax-free if they’re used for qualifying education expenses—plus 529 accounts are treated relatively leniently under the college financial-aid formulas. You can learn more about the accounts from other authors who have real life experience saving through 529 plans.

Read more »

Grandpa’s Scholarship

WHAT SHOULD I DO with the required minimum distributions from my rollover IRAs?
I’m age 65, which means that—under last year’s tax law—I must begin taking taxable distributions in 2030, the year I turn 73. I’ve been looking at my retirement cash flow, and it appears that my wife and I won’t need the money for our living expenses.
I’m investigating using the money to help fund my grandkids’ college education. I built a spreadsheet that maps my age against the age of each grandchild and determined the years they’re expected to attend college.

Read more »

Still Resolute

AT THE BEGINNING of 2022, I wrote about our resolution to go back to grad school. The short update: Jiab and I are indeed doing it. We’re enrolled in the Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies program at the University of Texas at Dallas.
We scrambled to get the application paperwork done before classes started Jan. 18. Neither of us had applied to school for ourselves since the introduction of online registration, but we found it fairly easy.

Read more »

Spotlight: Wasserman

Under Attack

THE FINANCIAL SITE MarketWatch has been running a series about the lives and budgets of Americans who retire abroad. My wife Jiab and I—who moved from Texas to Spain—were one of the first couples featured, along with a husband and wife who now live in Chile. Both articles made clear there were plusses and minuses to such a move—experiencing new things, but also being away from family—and that we weren’t advocating this for everyone. From some readers, we got positive affirmation, follow-up questions and many “good luck, but that’s not for me” comments. What surprised me, however, was the amount of hostility, which mostly came in three forms: BWAs (“But what about…?”). Some people rejected the articles because all facets weren’t explained. “You don’t mention hunting, which I like” or even “You didn’t fully explain the tax impact of living abroad,” along with the suggestion that we must be tax dodgers. Did these readers really expect an article of under 1,000 words to explain every nuance? BIBs (“But I bet…”). These were the commenters who accused us of hiding facts, such as we probably lived in a cramped “shoebox” or had to use witch doctors for health care. PAPs (personally attacking people). The worst launched into ad hominems against us and the other couple, accusing us of being “disloyal” to our country, that we must “love living in the 1800s” and even “abandoning” our children. This wasn’t just skepticism. Some readers clearly went straight into attack mode based simply on the notion of retiring abroad. All this made me curious. People who read financial websites are clearly seeking to be better informed. Many of the attackers also admitted to traveling little outside the U.S. Why the strong reaction? Coincidentally, Forbes recently ran an article that sheds some light on the answer. Jonathan Look Jr. explains…
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Getting Nudged

INFLUENCERS ARE people who use their popularity and social media presence to nudge our decision-making, especially our spending choices. They’re a powerful force in today’s marketing world, particularly with younger consumers looking for cues as to what’s hot. In one survey, 60% of those ages 16 to 24 credited influencers with purchases they’d made in the past six months, more than any other age group. Combined with the bandwagon effect and FOMO, or fear of missing out, an influencer's nudge can create a stampede for a product or service, one that’s based less on rational decision-making and more on blindly following the hot lead or leader. But before we start clucking our tongues at the folly of youth, we should ask ourselves: Do we ever outgrow our susceptibility to being influenced by a cult of personality or a fear of missing out? We oldsters may be more wary and more sophisticated in our decision-making, but we remain open to being nudged. I hear many people say they almost always listen to advice from Suze Orman, Jim Cramer or the Motley Fools. The followers will tell you about these influencers' successful track record or previous examples of good advice. But they’ll also tell you they like the personalities or the delivery—to the point where they often accept pronouncements without further consideration or research. It may or may not be good advice. But it was sold based on a smile, a personality and name recognition. Of course, some influencers do know their stuff and their opinions should be considered. Others, however, have a stake in the game. Many influencers focused on the teenager market get paid to push certain products or simply to use them. In the grownup consumer world, thanks to social media, pump-and-dump  stock schemes are growing faster than the SEC can…
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Bad Guy on Line One

GOOD PARENTS WARN their children about predators who look to take advantage of them. By the same token, good adults should warn and safeguard their elderly parents, as well as the other seniors they care for. We all use our electronics for accessing information. We sometimes forget the information highway is two-way, and nefarious people use those lines of communication to get to the vulnerable. And it isn’t just about hacking online accounts. Often, elder abuse starts with a simple phone call. A recent scam illustrates the danger. Seniors received calls informing them that a beloved grandchild was in jail and needed bail money quickly. Told there was no time for formal niceties, the victims were talked into gathering cash that a courier would then pick up. This sounds suspicious to the removed observer, but it’s a common scam preying on seniors’ devotion to family. Whole networks are organized around this scam. A similar scam in Quebec, which recently resulted in four arrests, netted some $700,000. It’s not new. Ten years ago, my mother received a call from a scratchy, soft voice that said, “Hey grandma, it’s your favorite grandson.” My mother, coincidentally having a running joke with a grandchild about this, replied, “Michael?” “Yeah,” said the soft voice, who then went on to explain he had taken a quick trip to Mexico with friends, was being mistakenly held in jail, and needed cash to get out. Plausible, given our home location in Texas and Michael’s nature. Fortunately, my mother had been with Michael the day before and knew something was amiss with the call. These phone scams vary in form, but all have the same purpose. Many offer computer tech support at a discount price. Some say the elderly person is due cash back or a full refund. The…
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Talking Money

APRIL IS FINANCIAL Literacy Month. If that doesn’t excite you, imagine how your children feel. Still, consider this an opportunity to begin or reinforce your kids’ financial education. Many of my students told me one of their parents was into “finance,” but when I asked how the parent handled the family money, students would just shrug and say that was all they knew. Children don’t like a straight-up lesson, especially from a parent. The trick is to make it seem casual and as blended into everyday life—theirs, not yours—as possible. Here are nine ideas for a wide range of ages, from elementary to high school. Choose the ones that fit your scion: When shopping, compare two items, like two shirts with different prices. Ask your child why the more expensive shirt costs more. What do you get for the extra money—and is it worth it? Even better, have your child ask the sales clerk. Ask your know-it-all tech-savvy child to help you set up some money management software. You can then have your child help you “test” the software with one of your child’s accounts, whether it’s a college fund, credit card or bank account. You might monitor the account together for a couple of months to see how the software works, and maybe have a conversation or two about financial issues along the way. If you have a 529 or other college savings plan, include your child in monitoring its growth and how the balance compares to the current cost of college. Maybe have some strategy sessions on how to pay for college, which might involve looking at U.S. News & World Report's list of best value schools. Take a look at some mutual funds or individual stocks related to your child’s interests, which could be anything from fashion to…
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Crocs and Cats

THERE’S A PARABLE that I don’t claim to have authored, but which I think about at the beginning of each year. A man became justifiably upset when he realized his home had been invaded by crocodiles. He wasn’t sure where they came from, but they were there, lurking and menacing him. He went to a local store to ask for a solution. The salesman enthusiastically proffered his answer: kittens. Kittens are cute, their purr is soothing and, best of all, the store had a lot of them. The man bought some and took them home. When he saw a crocodile, the man grabbed a kitten or two and stroked them. They were cuddly, but they didn’t help. The man could still see crocodiles move in the shadows. He could hear them hiss. Even when he didn’t see or hear them, he worried about accidentally stepping on one. The croc’s numbers seemed to be growing. He went back to the store, but the salesman just said the man didn’t have enough kittens to get his mind off the crocs. Many successful people, the salesman added, have lots of kittens, so the man bought more. The cycle kept going—more crocs, more kittens—until one day the man realized he didn’t have enough money or room for yet more kittens. As he sat desperately wondering what to do, a croc slid right up to his feet and offered a menacing smile. The man, exasperated and full of frustration, jumped up, grabbed the crocodile by the tail and hurled it out the window. The croc disappeared from his life. Inspired, the man then went to each crocodile in his home and threw them out. Some were out in the open and easily found. Some were hidden and had to be rooted out. Eventually, though, the…
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Pay to Play

EVEN IN OUR consumer-driven society, some things are looked down upon if bought. One of those things is companionship. I’ll leave the topic of sexual intimacy for another day. What I’m talking about here is paying—directly or indirectly—for social interaction. We might buy a younger colleague lunch simply to have somebody to dine with. We might continue therapy long after we’ve finished exploring the issues that prompted us to sign up. We all have a need to connect with others and thereby have our own existence validated. It’s a basic human need and yet, if folks admitted they pay to have such companionship, many would cluck their tongues and argue it’s not genuine friendship. People would then feel shame and not do it. But in truth, we all need human interaction and we all pay to have it—one way or another. For more than 15 years, I’ve belonged to the same United States Tennis Association (USTA) team. In that time, we’ve had a core group of guys playing together. Record-wise, all we have achieved is new heights of mediocrity. We’ve played in 100-degree heat and near-freezing cold. We’ve all sidelined ourselves with embarrassing injuries. For those losses and discomforts, we must pay ever-rising USTA membership dues and player registration fees for each league we compete in, plus we split the cost of tennis balls. And I wouldn’t have it any other way. I love tennis. But it’s the interaction with the guys—the jokes about how lousy that shot I made was or how incredibly lucky my opponent was to eke out a 6-1, 6-1 win—that I’m really paying for. We text like schoolboys before and after matches, inventing words like “pushdink” or WOOF (winner off of frame) that become our inside jokes. The COVID-19 lockdown exposed and exacerbated a hidden…
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