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When we make financial choices, we usually have a pretty good idea what we’re getting. But what are we giving up?

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The 4 Year Rule for Retirement Spending

"I read articles from prominent financial figures to understand their thinking and reasoning, not to implement their ideas. My approach is straightforward: I know my financial situation better than anyone else. With my education, business background, and experience in finance, I'm fully capable of managing a portfolio aligned with both my risk tolerance and capacity for risk. Constantly shifting between investment philosophies is counterproductive. The key is to construct a solid plan and maintain discipline. Financial articles should inform your thinking, not dictate your actions. The best portfolio isn't the most sophisticated—it's the simplest one that accomplishes your specific objectives."
- Mark Crothers
Read more »

Which bond fund?

"Thanks. Like Mark, I agree. The bonds are for diversification and protection during down turns. I wouldn't say I've won the game, but I've done well enough I want to mitigate risk. That's why I don't want much AI showing up in my bond funds."
- mytimetotravel
Read more »

Happy Hour, or The Panic Button? Why Early Retirement Anxiety Is Real.

"This is a message all of us retirees should read and profit from!"
- Jack Hannam
Read more »

Discussing money matters with friends- a slippery slope

"He buys the cake and supplies the coffee - it's a $60 cake, too. I make the tea for the tea drinkers."
- Ormode
Read more »

Property taxes, our schools, our towns and seniors. Shared responsibility.

"The use the sad stories of a few seniors to justify a deduction for all seniors which is just wrong given that many seniors are very well off financially. Any deductions should include an income/asset limit. But wow, NJ taxes are high!!! No wonder so many seniors leave the state. The problem with schools is that they are a never ending money pit. Does anyone review the school system for excessive spending? The incentives are all to spend more. If cuts come, they hit the teachers first, to create public sympathy, rather than administrative positions/other."
- AnthonyClan
Read more »

How to build your nest egg

"I really appreciate your Kiplinger Magazine reference. It was my "go to" for all things financial"
- L H
Read more »

Lump sum Vs Monthly Payment – Which pension option is better?

"Investing small amounts regularly is often the best approach for most people because it builds discipline, smooths out market ups and downs, and removes the pressure of trying to pick the “perfect” moment to begin. This strategy, called pound-cost averaging, lets you steadily grow your investments even when markets are volatile, making it ideal for beginners or anyone who prefers a low-stress approach. On the other hand, if you already have a significant amount saved, a lump-sum investment can statistically produce higher long-term returns. Markets generally rise over time, so getting your money invested earlier gives it more time to grow. The downside is the emotional difficulty if the market drops shortly after you invest, it can feel discouraging, which is why this method suits people who have a higher risk tolerance. A balanced alternative is a hybrid strategy. You invest a portion of your money upfront say 30–50% and drip-feed the rest monthly. This approach reduces timing risk, gives you early market exposure, and still maintains the steady benefits of regular investing. Many UK investors use this method to feel more comfortable while still aiming for long-term growth. Besides traditional stocks and funds, some people pursue other profitable investment plans such as real estate (buy-to-let or REITs), government or corporate bonds, peer-to-peer lending, gold, and diversified ETFs across global markets. Others explore long-term business ownership, private equity crowdfunding, or even income-producing digital assets. Each comes with its own risk level and suitability depending on your goals and experience. If you want to learn more about investing, great places to start include online courses (Coursera, Udemy, Khan Academy), trusted UK financial websites (Chaincapital….dotus, The Money Advice Service, , or FCA resources), and books like “The Little Book of Common Sense Investing” or “A Random Walk Down Wall Street.” You can also learn through YouTube channels focused on finance, podcasts like Meaningful Money UK, and beginner-friendly platforms that offer free educational hubs."
- Alex Ware
Read more »

My Investing Journey, Just Do It

"Good job. It is likely that if we invest consistently over long periods of time that we'll earn 5% or more on our money. Within that context of consistent investing what would be a mistake? Over reliance on bonds at an early age could be one. Trading rather than investing is another.  Inertia is yet a third. Improper allocation is a fourth, and so on. Today, some are willing to continue to let their stocks ride, ignoring the impact of a 30-40% decline on their stock portfolio. Such a decline could erase 5 years of gains. Saying “I could handle that” would be a mistake for many of us who could not bear white knuckle stock declines. The WSJ ran an article “Meet the teens investing in stocks for their future home and retirement”. There have been similar articles in the past, but many of these “investors” bail when the bear market or a sharp downturn occurs. As I recall earlier articles indicated how young investors became disillusioned by the 2021-2022 downturn.  Today, after the S&P 500 nearly doubling in 5 years, there is a lot of interest in the stock market. Buying at the top is a mistake, unless one is willing to hold for 10+ years. That could allow a recovery. Individual stocks can also be a trap. Today with a handful of tech concentrated stocks dominating the S&P 500 this is not the index I remember."
- normr60189
Read more »

What I Learned Trying to Leave an Employer-Sponsored Medicare Advantage Plan

"I’m confused, you say your premium was going to double but you don’t say what your premium was. I’m on an employer sponsored plan but there is no premium that I pay, nor are there deductibles (just small copay) with an out of pocket max of maybe a couple thousand dollars. We can use any doctor in or out of network."
- Jay Framson
Read more »

Decision Frameworks

IN THE SUMMER of 1966, author John McPhee spent two weeks lying on a picnic table in his backyard. Why? McPhee was suffering from writer’s block. As he described it, “I had assembled enough material to fill a silo, and now I had no idea what to do with it.” Investors find themselves in a similar situation today. There’s no shortage of financial information around us. But that doesn’t make it easier to know what to do with it.  When it comes to financial decision-making, there is, of course, one fundamental problem: None of us can see around corners. But that doesn’t leave us completely empty-handed. Whenever possible, I suggest employing decision frameworks. They can help us to do the best we can in the absence of complete information. Here are four such frameworks you might consider as you look ahead to the new year. Trading decisions Suppose you’re lukewarm on an investment and thinking of selling it. How should you think through this decision? To start, you might evaluate the investment’s merits. If it’s an individual stock, you could examine its valuation and study the company’s financials. If it’s a fund, you could look at its track record and management fees. And if it’s held in a taxable account, you could also check its tax efficiency.  Against those factors, you would then assess the tax impact of selling your shares. But how should you weight each factor in your decision? A fund might be tax-inefficient, for example, but have a good track record. When making decisions like this, the framework I suggest is to evaluate three factors: risk, growth potential and tax impact. And I would consider them in that order. Estate taxes The federal estate tax can be punitive for those with assets over the lifetime exclusion. Under current law, that’s $15 million per person, but it’s a political football and could easily change down the road. Many states also impose their own estate taxes, with much lower exclusions. For those with assets even in the neighborhood of the applicable exclusion, it might seem like an obvious decision to pursue estate tax strategies. Indeed, many families conclude that it’s worth virtually any amount of time, effort and cost to limit their exposure to these steep taxes. That’s a logical conclusion, but it’s not the only way. Other families take a different view. They reason that if their estates will be subject to tax, then, by definition, their children will be receiving substantial sums. Since that’s the case, they don’t see the need for acrobatics to leave their children even more, especially since those strategies usually introduce cost and complexity.  The most typical estate tax strategy, for example, is an irrevocable trust. In addition to the legal work required to set one up, these trusts require third-party trustees, and trustees typically ask to be compensated. This kind of trust also requires a separate tax return each year. Also, assets in trusts like this don’t benefit from a cost basis step-up at death, making the tax benefit a little more uncertain. Estate tax strategies, in other words, might make sense, but they aren’t the obvious “right” answer in all cases. That’s why, as you think through this question for your own family, you might employ this simple framework: Start by asking yourself which objective is more important: to keep taxes to an absolute minimum or, on the other hand, to keep complexity to a minimum. Let that be your guide. Portfolio construction How much effort should you put into your portfolio? Author Mike Piper draws an apt analogy. Building a portfolio, he said, is like making a fruit salad. Here’s how he explained it: “If you choose to have just 3-4 ingredients in your fruit salad instead of 7, that’s fine…There’s no one single recipe that beats the others…And you don’t have to be super precise about it—a little more or less of something than you had intended is not a disaster.” It’s an important point. Because there are so many available investment options, and because there is so much information and commentary around us, it can sometimes feel like we need to do more to optimize our investments. The reality, though, is that this is a choice. Just as with estate tax strategies, you might yield a benefit by fine tuning your portfolio, but you shouldn’t feel compelled to. The most important thing is that it be reasonable. As long as you aren’t taking inordinate risk, it’s a choice whether you choose to have five, 10 or 500 holdings in your portfolio. As Piper points out, you won’t necessarily go wrong with whichever path you choose, so choose the path that suits you. A 360-degree view Earlier in my career, I worked as an investment analyst at a firm where we were responsible for picking stocks. In discussing an idea with a colleague one day, it occurred to us that if you knew enough about any given stock, you could easily make an argument either for or against that stock. It was in the eye of the beholder. Consider a stock like Nvidia. On the one hand, it’s the dominant player in a fast-growing market and has enviable profit margins. But those margins are inviting competition, and there are concerns that the market is becoming saturated. Which set of arguments is correct? As with all financial decisions, we can’t know without the benefit of hindsight. That’s why I suggest what I call the “five minds” approach. Instead of taking a single position on a given question, try to look at it from all sides, balancing the viewpoints of an optimist a pessimist, an analyst, a psychologist and an economist. How would this work in practice? If there’s an idea that looks like it makes sense, pause and ask what the opposing argument might be. If you’re looking at a question through a quantitative lens, pause and ask what the qualitative factors might be. And always consider the broader context. Suppose, for example, you’re considering a Roth conversion. A key element in that equation is whether future tax rates will be higher or lower than they are today. To help answer this question, we could consult history as a guide, looking at historical tax rates and government debt levels. No one has a crystal ball. But since that’s the case, frameworks like this can help us manage through decisions with incomplete information.   Adam M. Grossman is the founder of Mayport, a fixed-fee wealth management firm. Sign up for Adam's Daily Ideas email, follow him on X @AdamMGrossman and check out his earlier articles.
Read more »

The 4 Year Rule for Retirement Spending

"I read articles from prominent financial figures to understand their thinking and reasoning, not to implement their ideas. My approach is straightforward: I know my financial situation better than anyone else. With my education, business background, and experience in finance, I'm fully capable of managing a portfolio aligned with both my risk tolerance and capacity for risk. Constantly shifting between investment philosophies is counterproductive. The key is to construct a solid plan and maintain discipline. Financial articles should inform your thinking, not dictate your actions. The best portfolio isn't the most sophisticated—it's the simplest one that accomplishes your specific objectives."
- Mark Crothers
Read more »

Which bond fund?

"Thanks. Like Mark, I agree. The bonds are for diversification and protection during down turns. I wouldn't say I've won the game, but I've done well enough I want to mitigate risk. That's why I don't want much AI showing up in my bond funds."
- mytimetotravel
Read more »

Happy Hour, or The Panic Button? Why Early Retirement Anxiety Is Real.

"This is a message all of us retirees should read and profit from!"
- Jack Hannam
Read more »

Discussing money matters with friends- a slippery slope

"He buys the cake and supplies the coffee - it's a $60 cake, too. I make the tea for the tea drinkers."
- Ormode
Read more »

Property taxes, our schools, our towns and seniors. Shared responsibility.

"The use the sad stories of a few seniors to justify a deduction for all seniors which is just wrong given that many seniors are very well off financially. Any deductions should include an income/asset limit. But wow, NJ taxes are high!!! No wonder so many seniors leave the state. The problem with schools is that they are a never ending money pit. Does anyone review the school system for excessive spending? The incentives are all to spend more. If cuts come, they hit the teachers first, to create public sympathy, rather than administrative positions/other."
- AnthonyClan
Read more »

How to build your nest egg

"I really appreciate your Kiplinger Magazine reference. It was my "go to" for all things financial"
- L H
Read more »

Lump sum Vs Monthly Payment – Which pension option is better?

"Investing small amounts regularly is often the best approach for most people because it builds discipline, smooths out market ups and downs, and removes the pressure of trying to pick the “perfect” moment to begin. This strategy, called pound-cost averaging, lets you steadily grow your investments even when markets are volatile, making it ideal for beginners or anyone who prefers a low-stress approach. On the other hand, if you already have a significant amount saved, a lump-sum investment can statistically produce higher long-term returns. Markets generally rise over time, so getting your money invested earlier gives it more time to grow. The downside is the emotional difficulty if the market drops shortly after you invest, it can feel discouraging, which is why this method suits people who have a higher risk tolerance. A balanced alternative is a hybrid strategy. You invest a portion of your money upfront say 30–50% and drip-feed the rest monthly. This approach reduces timing risk, gives you early market exposure, and still maintains the steady benefits of regular investing. Many UK investors use this method to feel more comfortable while still aiming for long-term growth. Besides traditional stocks and funds, some people pursue other profitable investment plans such as real estate (buy-to-let or REITs), government or corporate bonds, peer-to-peer lending, gold, and diversified ETFs across global markets. Others explore long-term business ownership, private equity crowdfunding, or even income-producing digital assets. Each comes with its own risk level and suitability depending on your goals and experience. If you want to learn more about investing, great places to start include online courses (Coursera, Udemy, Khan Academy), trusted UK financial websites (Chaincapital….dotus, The Money Advice Service, , or FCA resources), and books like “The Little Book of Common Sense Investing” or “A Random Walk Down Wall Street.” You can also learn through YouTube channels focused on finance, podcasts like Meaningful Money UK, and beginner-friendly platforms that offer free educational hubs."
- Alex Ware
Read more »

Decision Frameworks

IN THE SUMMER of 1966, author John McPhee spent two weeks lying on a picnic table in his backyard. Why? McPhee was suffering from writer’s block. As he described it, “I had assembled enough material to fill a silo, and now I had no idea what to do with it.” Investors find themselves in a similar situation today. There’s no shortage of financial information around us. But that doesn’t make it easier to know what to do with it.  When it comes to financial decision-making, there is, of course, one fundamental problem: None of us can see around corners. But that doesn’t leave us completely empty-handed. Whenever possible, I suggest employing decision frameworks. They can help us to do the best we can in the absence of complete information. Here are four such frameworks you might consider as you look ahead to the new year. Trading decisions Suppose you’re lukewarm on an investment and thinking of selling it. How should you think through this decision? To start, you might evaluate the investment’s merits. If it’s an individual stock, you could examine its valuation and study the company’s financials. If it’s a fund, you could look at its track record and management fees. And if it’s held in a taxable account, you could also check its tax efficiency.  Against those factors, you would then assess the tax impact of selling your shares. But how should you weight each factor in your decision? A fund might be tax-inefficient, for example, but have a good track record. When making decisions like this, the framework I suggest is to evaluate three factors: risk, growth potential and tax impact. And I would consider them in that order. Estate taxes The federal estate tax can be punitive for those with assets over the lifetime exclusion. Under current law, that’s $15 million per person, but it’s a political football and could easily change down the road. Many states also impose their own estate taxes, with much lower exclusions. For those with assets even in the neighborhood of the applicable exclusion, it might seem like an obvious decision to pursue estate tax strategies. Indeed, many families conclude that it’s worth virtually any amount of time, effort and cost to limit their exposure to these steep taxes. That’s a logical conclusion, but it’s not the only way. Other families take a different view. They reason that if their estates will be subject to tax, then, by definition, their children will be receiving substantial sums. Since that’s the case, they don’t see the need for acrobatics to leave their children even more, especially since those strategies usually introduce cost and complexity.  The most typical estate tax strategy, for example, is an irrevocable trust. In addition to the legal work required to set one up, these trusts require third-party trustees, and trustees typically ask to be compensated. This kind of trust also requires a separate tax return each year. Also, assets in trusts like this don’t benefit from a cost basis step-up at death, making the tax benefit a little more uncertain. Estate tax strategies, in other words, might make sense, but they aren’t the obvious “right” answer in all cases. That’s why, as you think through this question for your own family, you might employ this simple framework: Start by asking yourself which objective is more important: to keep taxes to an absolute minimum or, on the other hand, to keep complexity to a minimum. Let that be your guide. Portfolio construction How much effort should you put into your portfolio? Author Mike Piper draws an apt analogy. Building a portfolio, he said, is like making a fruit salad. Here’s how he explained it: “If you choose to have just 3-4 ingredients in your fruit salad instead of 7, that’s fine…There’s no one single recipe that beats the others…And you don’t have to be super precise about it—a little more or less of something than you had intended is not a disaster.” It’s an important point. Because there are so many available investment options, and because there is so much information and commentary around us, it can sometimes feel like we need to do more to optimize our investments. The reality, though, is that this is a choice. Just as with estate tax strategies, you might yield a benefit by fine tuning your portfolio, but you shouldn’t feel compelled to. The most important thing is that it be reasonable. As long as you aren’t taking inordinate risk, it’s a choice whether you choose to have five, 10 or 500 holdings in your portfolio. As Piper points out, you won’t necessarily go wrong with whichever path you choose, so choose the path that suits you. A 360-degree view Earlier in my career, I worked as an investment analyst at a firm where we were responsible for picking stocks. In discussing an idea with a colleague one day, it occurred to us that if you knew enough about any given stock, you could easily make an argument either for or against that stock. It was in the eye of the beholder. Consider a stock like Nvidia. On the one hand, it’s the dominant player in a fast-growing market and has enviable profit margins. But those margins are inviting competition, and there are concerns that the market is becoming saturated. Which set of arguments is correct? As with all financial decisions, we can’t know without the benefit of hindsight. That’s why I suggest what I call the “five minds” approach. Instead of taking a single position on a given question, try to look at it from all sides, balancing the viewpoints of an optimist a pessimist, an analyst, a psychologist and an economist. How would this work in practice? If there’s an idea that looks like it makes sense, pause and ask what the opposing argument might be. If you’re looking at a question through a quantitative lens, pause and ask what the qualitative factors might be. And always consider the broader context. Suppose, for example, you’re considering a Roth conversion. A key element in that equation is whether future tax rates will be higher or lower than they are today. To help answer this question, we could consult history as a guide, looking at historical tax rates and government debt levels. No one has a crystal ball. But since that’s the case, frameworks like this can help us manage through decisions with incomplete information.   Adam M. Grossman is the founder of Mayport, a fixed-fee wealth management firm. Sign up for Adam's Daily Ideas email, follow him on X @AdamMGrossman and check out his earlier articles.
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Get Educated

Manifesto

NO. 44: WE SHOULD view our debts as negative bonds. Instead of earning interest, we’re paying it. Tempted to buy bonds? First, we should see if we can earn more by paying down debt.

Truths

NO. 99: A REAL ESTATE agent’s greatest financial incentive isn’t to get us the best price, but to get us to act quickly. If we spend an extra month hunting for the right house to buy—or holding out for a higher price if we're looking to sell—the real estate agent might make little or no additional commission, but he or she will have to put in substantially more work.

act

TAKE REQUIRED minimum distributions. If you’re age 73 or older, the government insists you pull a minimum sum each year from your retirement accounts, except Roths. The deadline is Dec. 31, unless it’s your first year taking RMDs. Failure to comply can result in a tax penalty equal to 25% of the sum that should have been withdrawn but wasn't.

think

LAPSE PRICING. Some buyers of long-term-care (LTC) and cash-value life insurance drop their coverage, which means they paid premiums but got little or nothing in return. Aware of this, insurers often charge lower premiums to all policyholders. But this backfired with LTC insurance: The lapse rate proved lower than expected—hurting insurers’ profitability.

College-bound kids?

Manifesto

NO. 44: WE SHOULD view our debts as negative bonds. Instead of earning interest, we’re paying it. Tempted to buy bonds? First, we should see if we can earn more by paying down debt.

Spotlight: Insurance

Fatten That Policy

I WORKED IN THE investment department of three different insurance companies. But I never had any interest in buying a whole-life insurance policy. I knew term insurance was the best way to get the maximum death benefit for my premium dollars.
Instead, as a mutual fund manager, I was always more interested in investing in the stock market. (That said, I didn’t invest in the first mutual fund I managed. Why not? I didn’t want to pay the 7% “load”—the upfront sales commission.)
But my attitude toward whole-life insurance changed six years ago.

Read more »

Life Sentence

WOULD YOU ADVISE someone—who doesn’t drive, doesn’t need a car and doesn’t plan to get one in the foreseeable future—to buy car insurance? I wouldn’t. But it seems some financial advisors think otherwise. That, at least, is the impression I got when an acquaintance, whom I’ll call Laura, mentioned her variable universal life insurance policy to me.
A single woman in her mid-40s, Laura has a decent income and lives on her own. She has no one other than herself to support financially.

Read more »

Choosing Life

NONE OF US WANTS to contemplate our own mortality. But we all need to think about it—including thinking about life insurance.
I was lucky enough to have a long tenure with a large company that provided term insurance at reasonable prices. My employer provided two times our salary in coverage and we had the option to purchase additional coverage equal to eight times salary. I was also able to buy insurance on my wife’s life equal to three times my salary.

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Get a Life

IN MY ROLE AS a financial planner, I hear a lot of stories. By far the most appalling and upsetting relate to life insurance. All too often, insurance salespeople leave clients with policies that are simultaneously overpriced, inadequate and inappropriate.
Are you evaluating a policy? Here’s a quick summary of the most important considerations:
What type of coverage should I have? Life insurance comes in two primary flavors: term and permanent. Term insurance,

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The Approaching Hurricane

WHEN I WAS A NEWSPAPER reporter in Florida in the early 1980s, we were preoccupied with the chance that a hurricane would spin out of the Gulf of Mexico and slam into Florida’s West coast. It would be the biggest story of our lives if a big one struck the low-lying coastal city of St. Petersburg. It never came our way, fortunately for everyone.
The most serious storm I covered back then was called the “no-name storm” because it didn’t muster hurricane-strength winds.

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Spotlight: Mcintosh

Buckeye Burglar

“DEAR OHIOAN: According to our records, you have applied for and/or received pandemic unemployment benefits.” As I haven’t been to Ohio in more than 20 years, I knew something was amiss. It was highly likely I was the victim of identify fraud. After some investigation, I found out someone had been receiving unemployment benefits in my name since March 2021. I’m hardly the only person victimized by this fraud. In a recent report, Ohio Auditor Keith Faber estimated that $3.8 billion in fraudulent unemployment payments and overpayments had been made since March 2020. The fraud has been so widespread that claims have been made in the names Ohio’s governor and lieutenant governor. To prevent further fraud, I reported the matter to the state of Ohio. Initially, I was skittish about filing the fraud report online because I had to provide my Social Security number, but I figured the online system was the safest way to report the fraud—and certainly better than giving my personal information over the phone, which had backfired on me before. Next, I reviewed my credit report to ensure that no one had parlayed my personal information into an even bigger fraud. Fortunately, there was no unusual credit activity. But because someone obviously had my personal information, I decided I’d better monitor my credit activity more closely. I chatted with a colleague about available services, and ended up selecting the Complete ID service offered by Costco. Costco partners with Experian to provide members with credit monitoring, identity protection and restoration services, which now costs me $8.99 a month. I also pay another $2.99 a month to have my two children’s information monitored.
Read more »

Double Agent

MY MOM HAD PLANNED to look for a new home near my wife and me in 2022. In November 2021, I searched Realtor.com to see what was available. I saw a home that looked like a good fit, but its status was listed as “pending.” On a whim, I called the selling agent. It turned out that the house was falling out of escrow. We made an offer. We didn’t have an agent, so the selling agent offered to represent us. This dual-agent approach is allowed in California. While I was wary of having the seller’s agent also represent us, it ultimately worked in our favor. The first benefit: Our offer was accepted. That’s no small feat in today’s hot real estate market. Given that the property fell out of escrow once, the seller didn’t want it to fall out again. The agent got to know us and she conveyed to the seller that we were solid buyers. I believe this was a big factor in our offer being accepted over two others that were made around the same time. Another benefit was that the agent shared some of the extra commission that came from representing both parties. The seller received net proceeds higher than the prior deal, and we paid a lower price than what was previously contracted. While the agent was surely the biggest beneficiary of the arrangement, she made it a “win-win-win” for all involved. A final benefit: All requested fixes were accepted by the seller. In the real estate transactions I’ve been through, the “fix it” list seems to be the point at which animosity peaks between buyer and seller. That was not the case this time. It was difficult for the seller to turn away a request list that was presented to him by his own agent. There was no back and forth. All fixes were made and the deal is now done. What should you do if you’re involved in a dual-agent transaction? The key piece of advice I’d offer: Hire your own inspector. We ignored the list of inspectors presented to us by the agent, and instead hired a professional recommended by someone else.
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Parting Advice

HALF OF THE COLLEGE students I taught last semester just graduated. A few are going on to graduate school, but most are starting accounting, finance or other business careers. For my classes with a heavy concentration of seniors, I reserve the last five minutes of the final class to give them a few career tips. In keeping with my overall teaching approach, I keep the message simple: Do what you enjoy. Now, this isn’t the usual “follow your passion” pitch you hear in so many commencement addresses. In fact, I start by saying that most of us won’t follow our passion. Often, it isn’t practical to do so. Because we can’t all be passion-driven, we need to find ways to make our day-to-day work enjoyable. I encourage my graduates to find ways to incorporate things they enjoy into their career. There are two specific tips I share. First, I recommend graduates use their skills to enter an industry that interests them. Many students have “dream” industries they’d like to work in, such as sports, not-for-profits and life sciences. But most judge it too difficult to land a job in these industries, so they apply to businesses that don’t excite them. To be sure, graduates with technical majors—think accounting and information technology—may have an easier time getting their foot in the door of a preferred industry. But all graduates have skills, such as problem solving and communication, that are useful in any industry. If you have a genuine interest in an industry, I believe you should make putting your skills to work in that industry your focus. The fact is, if you’re working in your “dream” industry, chances are you’ll be more successful and more fulfilled. Second, I encourage graduates to prioritize doing things they enjoy at work. These things might not be specifically related to your day-to-day responsibilities. Instead, they might include things like recruiting new employees from your alma mater, leading training sessions or working on special projects. It could even include organizing the company’s sports teams. Assuming you do these things well and they don’t detract from your core duties, you’ll be viewed favorably by your manager and your peers—and you’ll likely enjoy your job more.
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Target Dating

IN JULY 2020, I rolled over my old 401(k) to an IRA. Between maxing out my 401(k) contributions for many years and strong investment performance, the balance was significant. I initially invested half the money in a combination of stock market index funds and a bond market ETF. For the remaining balance, I set up an automatic investment plan that invested a modest amount in stock index funds every two weeks. While long-run market returns argued for investing all the money in stocks right away, I slept better using this gradual approach. After about a year, I calculated that it would take another few years to put the remaining cash to work. This seemed too slow to me. After some research, I invested the rest of the account balance in Vanguard Group’s 2050 target-date index fund. This was the first time I’d put money in a target-date fund, but I don’t think it’ll be the last. Why select a target-date fund? First, I like that the 2050 fund has a similar investment mix to my other IRA investments. The 2050 fund’s current allocation is set at 90% stock index funds—a U.S. index fund and an international one—and 10% bond index funds. Another feature I like: The stock market exposure decreases over time. The allocation will drop from 90% today to 80% by 2030, 65% by 2040 and 45% by 2050. I’d probably be doing something similar anyway, so why not let Vanguard do it for me? The Vanguard 2050 fund’s annual expense ratio is 0.15%, or 15 cents a year for every $100 invested, which is about 0.1 percentage point higher than Vanguard's S&P 500 index fund. I see this premium as acceptable, given the 2050 fund’s broader diversification and its gradually shifting investment mix, plus the fund's expenses are set to drop next February. A heads-up: Vanguard will direct you to a target-date fund based on an assumed retirement age of 65. But I see myself working fulltime until 65 and part-time into my 70s, so I selected the 2050 fund, which assumes a retirement age for me of 75.
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Quality or Quantity?

Every three years or so, I can't resist the temptation to buy disposable razors at Costco. Given the disposables are about $1 each, they are about a third of the price of buying razor cartridges. About a week into the purchase, however, I am reminded why I prefer the cartridges. While more expensive, the cartridges provide a better shave and they last about 3 times as long. While the initial impression I get is that I am getting a bargain, I sacrifice quality and at best I am breakeven on the transaction. What examples do you have on times when a focus on price was more costly than if you'd ponied up for a better quality product in the first place?
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Numbers Game

IT HAPPENED AGAIN. For the third time in two years, our credit card number was stolen. I learned this yesterday when I received the now-too-frequent question from Chase: “Do you recognize this gas station purchase for $1?” We live nowhere near the station in question, so I knew something was amiss. I appreciate Chase’s diligence in identifying such transactions, and the fact that we won’t be held liable for any fraudulent charges. Still, I’ve grown weary of the whole process of cancelling credit cards, especially resetting the automatic payments tied to each. On top of that, it’s unsettling to know someone is trying to buy things using one of our cards. The most frustrating thing about this latest theft: My wife and I had changed certain practices over the past year in an effort to limit the risk of fraud. For a previous card number theft, we observed a close link between the fraud and a “new account setup” with a vendor that required us to provide our card number over the phone. We now refuse to do so. We’ve found that, for vendors requesting numbers over the phone, they usually also accept payments via Venmo or PayPal. In addition, many also have websites that allow you to make payments online. The site still asks for your number, but this seems to be more secure. Another practice we started: We use cash for transactions where there’s a higher risk of fraud. For instance, we usually pay cash at gas stations, where skimming devices are sometimes used to steal card information. Another practice we follow: Pay cash at restaurants where the server takes your card and swipes it in another location. In such situations, it’s all too easy for a server to take a picture of the front and back of your card. I’m hopeful we can limit future card number thefts by using these practices. At the same time, I’m researching new ways to step up our fraud prevention because our current practices clearly aren’t perfect. Any suggestions?
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