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When we buy a fund, we can’t be sure we have a winner. But if we hold down costs, we will at least keep more of whatever we make.

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Your effective tax rate

"If you pay IRMAA, 7.5% of you AGI is likely to be $20-50K."
- Ormode
Read more »

Less Paper, More Fraud

"Of course, we must be the capital of Medicare fraud!"
- Randy Dobkin
Read more »

The ACA Financial Cliff … some helpful visuals (and hope for continued dialog)

"This is hard to believe. “Many couples don’t understand why both of their incomes count toward “household” income.” I wonder what they think. "
- R Quinn
Read more »

Vanguard Funds Fee Cut

"As a Vanguard ETF customer, this is good news. They have great products in this space and I will continue to use them."
- Harold Tynes
Read more »

Maximizing Lifetime Retirement Spending

"Mark: I agree with your comments about spending strategies and like you, have my own take on that issue, but probably not for as long as your 30-40 year horizon. As other writers note from time to time, I have a firm understanding of what we bring in, what we save, what we spend, and what "large" expenses may be coming in future years. So long as revenues exceed expenses, we have pretty much free rein on spending what we've worked to accumulate. My wife will begin receiving social security in February which will increase our savings or allow for additional spending. It is certainly nice to be in this situation rather than having to watch each penny spent!"
- Dave Melick
Read more »

Banking problem

"I have always paid the IRS through their EFTPS site and I have never had a problem."
- Harry Crawford
Read more »

Investments Tax

MANY PEOPLE don't know, but there is a net investment income tax of 3.8% that applies to some of your income. Today, I want to discuss what it is, how we can reduce its impact, and how we can save money. Let’s dive right in: Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) The net investment income tax is imposed on investment income if the modified adjusted gross income (adjusted gross income + foreign income exclusion) is more than $200,000 for single filers or $250,000 for those married filing jointly. This tax is applied to the lower of:
  • Net investment income
  • Modified adjusted gross income above the threshold
Example Say you have a modified adjusted gross income of $220,000. Your net investment income is $40,000. You are single. How much tax will you pay? $220,000 - $200,000 = $20,000 (above the threshold) The amount subject to the tax is the lesser of:
  • $20,000 (income above the threshold), or
  • $40,000 of net investment income
$20,000 * 0.038 = $760 of tax Common examples of investment income
  • Gains from the sale of stocks, bonds, and mutual funds
  • Capital gain distributions from mutual funds
  • Gain from the sale of investment real estate (Primary residence is excluded, up to $250k / $500k of gain)
  • Dividends (qualified and ordinary)
  • Interest
Note that the NIIT does not apply to:
  • W-2 wages
  • Self-employment income
  • Social Security
  • Distributions from retirement accounts (401(k), IRA, Roth)
  • Income from an active trade or business
Now let’s talk about how we can save some money on taxes: 1. Interest Municipal bond interest (received from a city or state) is tax-exempt. So, if you have a lot of interest income, consider shifting that portion of your portfolio to a municipal bond ETF and avoid the NIIT. However, you still need to do the math to make sure it's worth it. Make sure the yield * (1 - marginal tax rate) is lower than the municipal bond yield. Remember. the goal is not to minimize taxes. The goal is to maximize your after-tax return. 2. Dividends Dividends count toward the 3.8% NIIT. This applies to both qualified and ordinary dividends. If you want to minimize the impact of NIIT, you can rebalance the portfolio to emphasize growth stocks over dividend-paying stocks. That said, make sure your overall asset allocation and risk tolerance are not compromised just to save on taxes. Where possible, holding higher-dividend investments inside tax-advantaged accounts can also reduce exposure. 3. Capital gains timing & tax-loss harvesting Capital gains increase net investment income, which can trigger or increase NIIT. Some planning ideas:
  • Realize gains in lower-income years, if possible
  • Offset gains with harvested losses
  • Avoid unnecessary fund turnover in taxable accounts
  • Lower net investment income means lower exposure to the 3.8% tax
  • Lower your adjusted gross income
4. Lower your adjusted gross income If you stay below the income threshold, you don’t pay the net investment income tax at all. Make sure you’re taking advantage of accounts that lower your income, such as:
  • 401(k), 403(b), 457(b)
  • SEP IRA
  • Traditional IRA (if meet income threshold and/or no workplace retirement plan)
  • HSA
This helps reduce your regular income tax and the potential NIIT. 5. Installment sales If you can, spreading the gains from the sale of an investment property over multiple years may reduce the impact on your taxable income and limit how much of the gain is subject to the NIIT in any one year. 6. 1031 exchange If you own investment real estate, a 1031 like-kind exchange can defer capital gains and reduce the immediate impact of the NIIT. This doesn’t eliminate the tax forever, but it can significantly improve cash flow and tax efficiency. Final thoughts The net investment income tax often gets overlooked, but for higher earners, it can add thousands of dollars to the tax bill without you even knowing. A few small planning decisions, like asset location, income timing, and account contributions, can make a difference over time. I hope you enjoyed this one. Looking forward to your comments!   Bogdan Sheremeta is a licensed CPA based in Illinois with experience at Deloitte and a Fortune 200 multinational.
Read more »

No Free Ride

WE ARE A NATION obsessed with youth sports. Time magazine says it's a $15 billion-a-year industry. As many as 60 million kids participate. Sports are good for kids for all kinds of reasons: promoting exercise and a healthy lifestyle, enhancing team work and relationships, providing structure, instilling confidence to overcome challenges and delivering the joy of playing. During our children’s sports journeys, we parents are often led to believe that our little sports stars are on the path to the holy grail—a full athletic college scholarship. The sports-industry complex of coaches, trainers, camp and tournament directors, and recruiting advisors often promote this fantasy. And we parents bite hard. After all, who doesn’t want their kid to receive a $200,000 free ride? But will they? Make no mistake: Youth sports aren’t free. College athletes typically require five to 10 years of dedicated travel sport participation, with the associated fees, equipment, travel and hotel costs, coaching fees, supplemental training, camps, showcase tournaments and tryouts, and perhaps a video or recruiting advisor. The commonly used and derided term “pay to play” highlights the financial underpinnings of youth sports. It's common for families to spend $2,000 to 5,000 a year for travel team participants, and $20,000 a year or more isn’t unheard of. I am intimately familiar with youth soccer and estimate the typical college soccer player incurred total costs of around $50,000 to get there. Even a barest-of-bones elite youth soccer journey would likely cost $25,000. On a strictly financial basis, 529 savings plans and Coverdell education savings accounts are far more reliable sources of college funding. In addition to high costs, youth players must grapple with all the other aspects of becoming an elite athlete—maintaining interest and discipline, remaining injury-free, continuous training and constant competition at the highest levels. Elite athletes then face the final challenge in capturing an athletic scholarship: selection by a college coach. Only 3% of high schoolers get to play NCAA Division 1 and 2 college sports, according to ScholarshipStats.com—and not all will receive scholarships, let alone a full ride. They may also end up at colleges that aren’t the best fit for them. The bottom line: The odds of landing on a D1 or D2 team roster are about the same as landing on a single roulette number. D3 colleges, which comprise the largest NCAA division, do not provide athletic scholarships. NAIA and junior colleges do offer athletic scholarships and may provide a good alternative, assuming the academic and campus programs fit the athlete. Selection numbers are particularly daunting in widely played sports like basketball and soccer, where less than 1% of U.S. high school boys are chosen for D1 teams. Some D1 obsessed parents even steer their kids to sports with fewer youth players, and larger college rosters, such as ice hockey, lacrosse or men’s baseball. With these sports, selection chances are roughly triple that of basketball and soccer, but still a miserly 2% to 6%. Another tactic, utilized mostly to gain acceptance—rather than money—at stretch academic colleges, is to have kids excel in niche sports. Talent at equestrian, crew, fencing, rifle and javelin throwing may increase the odds of being noticed. One father helped his two kids get into Ivy League colleges by undertaking a multi-year program to assist them in becoming among the best high school javelin throwers. Even for those few players selected to play college sports, most don’t receive a full ride. Only football, men’s and women’s basketball, and a few additional women’s sports—volleyball, tennis, gymnastics—are NCAA D1 full-ride sports. In men’s soccer, for example, D1 and D2 colleges can grant 9.9 and nine scholarships, respectively, for a roster of around 29 players—in other words, just a one-third scholarship per player. Some colleges, including members of the Ivy League, don’t offer athletic scholarships. Others don’t fully fund all athletic scholarships, such as some Patriot League colleges. Women’s scholarship opportunities in some sports are higher than men’s. That’s largely the result of Title IX equivalency requirements, which means colleges essentially need to offset the 65 to 85 football scholarships granted to men. Women’s D1 soccer can give 14 scholarships, versus 9.9 for men, plus women’s soccer has 129 more D1 teams than men’s soccer. Still, like high school boys, girls face the same dismal overall 3% selection rate to NCAA D1 and D2 sports. Children should participate in youth sports for the many positive benefits. Meanwhile, parents should relax and enjoy their kid’s sports journey. Too many families hang onto the false hope that youth sports will lead directly to a college scholarship. But unfortunately, this ride isn’t free—and there’s likely no scholarship at the end of the journey. John Yeigh is the author of a book outlining the highs, lows and challenges of youth sports, with publication slated for 2020. His two children overcame their Dad’s genetic deficits and became college athletes. John’s previous articles include Other People's StuffAll Stocks and Off the Payroll. [xyz-ihs snippet="Donate"]
Read more »

Medicare Advantage- heads up‼️

"Medicare does virtually no care review, only retrospective claim review and then not much and fraud even error payments can take years to find. People scream about pre-certification, even referral requirements in the non Medicare world, can you imagine applying that to Medicare population? My wife used to go to a ENT to have ear wax removed. Medicare paid. Now she goes to her primary and his PA does it."
- R Quinn
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Tax Filing (A Teeny Tiny Rant)

"No one likes the additional tax complexity of pass through tax entities but that complexity has historically been out weighted for small business by the available choice to avoid double taxation due to a tax at first the entity level and then a second tax at the individual owners level. To avoid double taxation entities and their owners have chosen to not be taxed as a C-corporation when possible. Also, early in my working career the availability of some company retirement plans were limited for those in a non-corporate professional group and thus pass through S-corporations came into existence (1958). The days of simple general partnership entities were over when many unlimited liabilities could be mitigated via choice of entity and the lower taxes and better owner benefits sealed the deal on choice of entity. Unfortunately, various groups over the years have been able to lobby for special carve outs or tax benefits for the group being lobbied for and, in my opinion, we now have a tax system that is at a point where the current US tax system results in neither fair taxation nor simple compliance."
- William Perry
Read more »

Misleading Indicator

LISTEN TO THE financial news, and you’ll often hear reference to “the VIX.” But what exactly is the VIX, and how important is it? The VIX index is intended to be a measure of investor sentiment. For that reason, it’s often referred to as the market’s “fear gauge.” How can investor sentiment be measured? While the math is complex, it’s based on a straightforward principle: When investors get nervous, they look for ways to protect their portfolios and are sometimes even willing to pay for that protection. This was the insight that led to the initial development of the VIX back in 1989. Two finance professors, Menachem Brenner and Dan Galai, observed that stock options—and specifically, the prices of those options—provided a sort of X-Ray into investors’ feelings. That’s because certain options, known as “put” options, are designed to protect portfolios from losses. They’re like insurance. So when demand for put options increases, and as a result, pushes up the prices of those options, that’s an indication that investors are feeling more nervous. On the other hand, during periods when investors are feeling optimistic, put options will fall in price. Instead, “call” options, which allow investors to magnify their gains in rising markets, will go up in price. The relative prices of these two types of options can tell us a lot about investors’ mindset, and that’s the basis of the VIX. In very simple terms, when put option prices are rising, the VIX rises. And when put option prices are falling, the VIX falls. A higher VIX reading thus means investors are becoming more fearful. Because of its function as a sentiment gauge, market commentators like to talk about the VIX, especially when it’s rising. But I’m not sure we should put too much stock in it. That’s for two reasons. First, and most importantly, the VIX is limited because it’s only able to measure current investor sentiment. It doesn’t know anything about what will happen in the future. Consider how the VIX behaved during some significant market events over the past 20 years.  In August 2008, the VIX was at a relatively low level, right around 20. It seemed to be indicating calm seas. But just a month later, Lehman Brothers went into bankruptcy, and the stock market began to fall. The VIX did eventually spike up in response to this crisis, ultimately rising all the way to 80—a very high reading—but by that point, it was too late. It was effectively reporting yesterday’s news. At other points, the VIX has been misleadingly high. In the spring of 2020, when the market dropped more than 30%, fear levels were running high, and the VIX spiked up to 82. But with the benefit of hindsight, we can see that the VIX wasn’t communicating anything useful. That’s because the spring of 2020 would have been an ideal time to buy. Between March 16, when the VIX hit its peak, and the end of that year, the S&P 500 rose 57%. The VIX provided no hint that this rally was coming. Nearly the same sequence of events occurred in 2025. In April, when investor worries were running high over the White House’s new tariff policies, the VIX spiked up, topping 50 on April 8. But that also would have been an ideal time to buy. A short time later, the White House changed course on tariffs, and the market rebounded, gaining 37% through the end of the year. Why is the VIX such a poor predictor? In his book Finance for Normal People, Meir Statman describes how investors are susceptible to recency bias. He cites a Gallup survey that asked investors, “Do you think that now is a good time to invest in financial markets?” Almost invariably, investors answered “yes” when markets had been rising. In February 2000, for example, 78% of those surveyed responded positively—just a month before the market fell into a multi-year bear market. The problem is that our minds’ are prone to extrapolating from current conditions. And since the VIX simply mimics investors’ thinking, it too just extrapolates. The VIX has no idea when the market is about to reverse course, as it did in 2000, 2008 or 2025. Despite this flaw, however, you might wonder if the VIX would nonetheless be useful as a portfolio hedge. In other words, even if the effect is delayed, the VIX seems like it might be helpful if it goes up when the market goes down, and vice versa.  In The Four Pillars of Investing, William Bernstein looks at this question. He examines a popular ETF (ticker: VXX) that tracks the VIX index. On the surface, this looks like an effective way to protect a portfolio. In the first three months of 2020, for example, when Covid arrived, and the stock market began to drop, this ETF rose more than 200%. But that was one narrow time period. Other periods were punishing for VXX. Bernstein points to 2010-2011, when the S&P 500 rose about 8.5% per year, on average. What did VXX do? You might expect that it would have fallen proportionately. But it cratered, losing 74% of its value. Bernstein asks wryly, “You didn’t expect that someone would sell you bear market insurance for free, did you?” That, unfortunately, is the issue. Because of the way it’s constructed, the VIX doesn’t work as a perfect offset to the stock market. That’s why, in my view, investors are best served by a much simpler portfolio structure, consisting of stocks and primarily short-term Treasury bonds. While this combination isn’t flawless, it’s delivered far less volatile results over time than any strategy built around the VIX. Like many things in finance, the VIX is interesting, but ultimately not very useful.   Adam M. Grossman is the founder of Mayport, a fixed-fee wealth management firm. Sign up for Adam's Daily Ideas email, follow him on X @AdamMGrossman and check out his earlier articles.
Read more »

Your effective tax rate

"If you pay IRMAA, 7.5% of you AGI is likely to be $20-50K."
- Ormode
Read more »

Less Paper, More Fraud

"Of course, we must be the capital of Medicare fraud!"
- Randy Dobkin
Read more »

The ACA Financial Cliff … some helpful visuals (and hope for continued dialog)

"This is hard to believe. “Many couples don’t understand why both of their incomes count toward “household” income.” I wonder what they think. "
- R Quinn
Read more »

Vanguard Funds Fee Cut

"As a Vanguard ETF customer, this is good news. They have great products in this space and I will continue to use them."
- Harold Tynes
Read more »

Maximizing Lifetime Retirement Spending

"Mark: I agree with your comments about spending strategies and like you, have my own take on that issue, but probably not for as long as your 30-40 year horizon. As other writers note from time to time, I have a firm understanding of what we bring in, what we save, what we spend, and what "large" expenses may be coming in future years. So long as revenues exceed expenses, we have pretty much free rein on spending what we've worked to accumulate. My wife will begin receiving social security in February which will increase our savings or allow for additional spending. It is certainly nice to be in this situation rather than having to watch each penny spent!"
- Dave Melick
Read more »

Banking problem

"I have always paid the IRS through their EFTPS site and I have never had a problem."
- Harry Crawford
Read more »

Investments Tax

MANY PEOPLE don't know, but there is a net investment income tax of 3.8% that applies to some of your income. Today, I want to discuss what it is, how we can reduce its impact, and how we can save money. Let’s dive right in: Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) The net investment income tax is imposed on investment income if the modified adjusted gross income (adjusted gross income + foreign income exclusion) is more than $200,000 for single filers or $250,000 for those married filing jointly. This tax is applied to the lower of:
  • Net investment income
  • Modified adjusted gross income above the threshold
Example Say you have a modified adjusted gross income of $220,000. Your net investment income is $40,000. You are single. How much tax will you pay? $220,000 - $200,000 = $20,000 (above the threshold) The amount subject to the tax is the lesser of:
  • $20,000 (income above the threshold), or
  • $40,000 of net investment income
$20,000 * 0.038 = $760 of tax Common examples of investment income
  • Gains from the sale of stocks, bonds, and mutual funds
  • Capital gain distributions from mutual funds
  • Gain from the sale of investment real estate (Primary residence is excluded, up to $250k / $500k of gain)
  • Dividends (qualified and ordinary)
  • Interest
Note that the NIIT does not apply to:
  • W-2 wages
  • Self-employment income
  • Social Security
  • Distributions from retirement accounts (401(k), IRA, Roth)
  • Income from an active trade or business
Now let’s talk about how we can save some money on taxes: 1. Interest Municipal bond interest (received from a city or state) is tax-exempt. So, if you have a lot of interest income, consider shifting that portion of your portfolio to a municipal bond ETF and avoid the NIIT. However, you still need to do the math to make sure it's worth it. Make sure the yield * (1 - marginal tax rate) is lower than the municipal bond yield. Remember. the goal is not to minimize taxes. The goal is to maximize your after-tax return. 2. Dividends Dividends count toward the 3.8% NIIT. This applies to both qualified and ordinary dividends. If you want to minimize the impact of NIIT, you can rebalance the portfolio to emphasize growth stocks over dividend-paying stocks. That said, make sure your overall asset allocation and risk tolerance are not compromised just to save on taxes. Where possible, holding higher-dividend investments inside tax-advantaged accounts can also reduce exposure. 3. Capital gains timing & tax-loss harvesting Capital gains increase net investment income, which can trigger or increase NIIT. Some planning ideas:
  • Realize gains in lower-income years, if possible
  • Offset gains with harvested losses
  • Avoid unnecessary fund turnover in taxable accounts
  • Lower net investment income means lower exposure to the 3.8% tax
  • Lower your adjusted gross income
4. Lower your adjusted gross income If you stay below the income threshold, you don’t pay the net investment income tax at all. Make sure you’re taking advantage of accounts that lower your income, such as:
  • 401(k), 403(b), 457(b)
  • SEP IRA
  • Traditional IRA (if meet income threshold and/or no workplace retirement plan)
  • HSA
This helps reduce your regular income tax and the potential NIIT. 5. Installment sales If you can, spreading the gains from the sale of an investment property over multiple years may reduce the impact on your taxable income and limit how much of the gain is subject to the NIIT in any one year. 6. 1031 exchange If you own investment real estate, a 1031 like-kind exchange can defer capital gains and reduce the immediate impact of the NIIT. This doesn’t eliminate the tax forever, but it can significantly improve cash flow and tax efficiency. Final thoughts The net investment income tax often gets overlooked, but for higher earners, it can add thousands of dollars to the tax bill without you even knowing. A few small planning decisions, like asset location, income timing, and account contributions, can make a difference over time. I hope you enjoyed this one. Looking forward to your comments!   Bogdan Sheremeta is a licensed CPA based in Illinois with experience at Deloitte and a Fortune 200 multinational.
Read more »

No Free Ride

WE ARE A NATION obsessed with youth sports. Time magazine says it's a $15 billion-a-year industry. As many as 60 million kids participate. Sports are good for kids for all kinds of reasons: promoting exercise and a healthy lifestyle, enhancing team work and relationships, providing structure, instilling confidence to overcome challenges and delivering the joy of playing. During our children’s sports journeys, we parents are often led to believe that our little sports stars are on the path to the holy grail—a full athletic college scholarship. The sports-industry complex of coaches, trainers, camp and tournament directors, and recruiting advisors often promote this fantasy. And we parents bite hard. After all, who doesn’t want their kid to receive a $200,000 free ride? But will they? Make no mistake: Youth sports aren’t free. College athletes typically require five to 10 years of dedicated travel sport participation, with the associated fees, equipment, travel and hotel costs, coaching fees, supplemental training, camps, showcase tournaments and tryouts, and perhaps a video or recruiting advisor. The commonly used and derided term “pay to play” highlights the financial underpinnings of youth sports. It's common for families to spend $2,000 to 5,000 a year for travel team participants, and $20,000 a year or more isn’t unheard of. I am intimately familiar with youth soccer and estimate the typical college soccer player incurred total costs of around $50,000 to get there. Even a barest-of-bones elite youth soccer journey would likely cost $25,000. On a strictly financial basis, 529 savings plans and Coverdell education savings accounts are far more reliable sources of college funding. In addition to high costs, youth players must grapple with all the other aspects of becoming an elite athlete—maintaining interest and discipline, remaining injury-free, continuous training and constant competition at the highest levels. Elite athletes then face the final challenge in capturing an athletic scholarship: selection by a college coach. Only 3% of high schoolers get to play NCAA Division 1 and 2 college sports, according to ScholarshipStats.com—and not all will receive scholarships, let alone a full ride. They may also end up at colleges that aren’t the best fit for them. The bottom line: The odds of landing on a D1 or D2 team roster are about the same as landing on a single roulette number. D3 colleges, which comprise the largest NCAA division, do not provide athletic scholarships. NAIA and junior colleges do offer athletic scholarships and may provide a good alternative, assuming the academic and campus programs fit the athlete. Selection numbers are particularly daunting in widely played sports like basketball and soccer, where less than 1% of U.S. high school boys are chosen for D1 teams. Some D1 obsessed parents even steer their kids to sports with fewer youth players, and larger college rosters, such as ice hockey, lacrosse or men’s baseball. With these sports, selection chances are roughly triple that of basketball and soccer, but still a miserly 2% to 6%. Another tactic, utilized mostly to gain acceptance—rather than money—at stretch academic colleges, is to have kids excel in niche sports. Talent at equestrian, crew, fencing, rifle and javelin throwing may increase the odds of being noticed. One father helped his two kids get into Ivy League colleges by undertaking a multi-year program to assist them in becoming among the best high school javelin throwers. Even for those few players selected to play college sports, most don’t receive a full ride. Only football, men’s and women’s basketball, and a few additional women’s sports—volleyball, tennis, gymnastics—are NCAA D1 full-ride sports. In men’s soccer, for example, D1 and D2 colleges can grant 9.9 and nine scholarships, respectively, for a roster of around 29 players—in other words, just a one-third scholarship per player. Some colleges, including members of the Ivy League, don’t offer athletic scholarships. Others don’t fully fund all athletic scholarships, such as some Patriot League colleges. Women’s scholarship opportunities in some sports are higher than men’s. That’s largely the result of Title IX equivalency requirements, which means colleges essentially need to offset the 65 to 85 football scholarships granted to men. Women’s D1 soccer can give 14 scholarships, versus 9.9 for men, plus women’s soccer has 129 more D1 teams than men’s soccer. Still, like high school boys, girls face the same dismal overall 3% selection rate to NCAA D1 and D2 sports. Children should participate in youth sports for the many positive benefits. Meanwhile, parents should relax and enjoy their kid’s sports journey. Too many families hang onto the false hope that youth sports will lead directly to a college scholarship. But unfortunately, this ride isn’t free—and there’s likely no scholarship at the end of the journey. John Yeigh is the author of a book outlining the highs, lows and challenges of youth sports, with publication slated for 2020. His two children overcame their Dad’s genetic deficits and became college athletes. John’s previous articles include Other People's StuffAll Stocks and Off the Payroll. [xyz-ihs snippet="Donate"]
Read more »

Misleading Indicator

LISTEN TO THE financial news, and you’ll often hear reference to “the VIX.” But what exactly is the VIX, and how important is it? The VIX index is intended to be a measure of investor sentiment. For that reason, it’s often referred to as the market’s “fear gauge.” How can investor sentiment be measured? While the math is complex, it’s based on a straightforward principle: When investors get nervous, they look for ways to protect their portfolios and are sometimes even willing to pay for that protection. This was the insight that led to the initial development of the VIX back in 1989. Two finance professors, Menachem Brenner and Dan Galai, observed that stock options—and specifically, the prices of those options—provided a sort of X-Ray into investors’ feelings. That’s because certain options, known as “put” options, are designed to protect portfolios from losses. They’re like insurance. So when demand for put options increases, and as a result, pushes up the prices of those options, that’s an indication that investors are feeling more nervous. On the other hand, during periods when investors are feeling optimistic, put options will fall in price. Instead, “call” options, which allow investors to magnify their gains in rising markets, will go up in price. The relative prices of these two types of options can tell us a lot about investors’ mindset, and that’s the basis of the VIX. In very simple terms, when put option prices are rising, the VIX rises. And when put option prices are falling, the VIX falls. A higher VIX reading thus means investors are becoming more fearful. Because of its function as a sentiment gauge, market commentators like to talk about the VIX, especially when it’s rising. But I’m not sure we should put too much stock in it. That’s for two reasons. First, and most importantly, the VIX is limited because it’s only able to measure current investor sentiment. It doesn’t know anything about what will happen in the future. Consider how the VIX behaved during some significant market events over the past 20 years.  In August 2008, the VIX was at a relatively low level, right around 20. It seemed to be indicating calm seas. But just a month later, Lehman Brothers went into bankruptcy, and the stock market began to fall. The VIX did eventually spike up in response to this crisis, ultimately rising all the way to 80—a very high reading—but by that point, it was too late. It was effectively reporting yesterday’s news. At other points, the VIX has been misleadingly high. In the spring of 2020, when the market dropped more than 30%, fear levels were running high, and the VIX spiked up to 82. But with the benefit of hindsight, we can see that the VIX wasn’t communicating anything useful. That’s because the spring of 2020 would have been an ideal time to buy. Between March 16, when the VIX hit its peak, and the end of that year, the S&P 500 rose 57%. The VIX provided no hint that this rally was coming. Nearly the same sequence of events occurred in 2025. In April, when investor worries were running high over the White House’s new tariff policies, the VIX spiked up, topping 50 on April 8. But that also would have been an ideal time to buy. A short time later, the White House changed course on tariffs, and the market rebounded, gaining 37% through the end of the year. Why is the VIX such a poor predictor? In his book Finance for Normal People, Meir Statman describes how investors are susceptible to recency bias. He cites a Gallup survey that asked investors, “Do you think that now is a good time to invest in financial markets?” Almost invariably, investors answered “yes” when markets had been rising. In February 2000, for example, 78% of those surveyed responded positively—just a month before the market fell into a multi-year bear market. The problem is that our minds’ are prone to extrapolating from current conditions. And since the VIX simply mimics investors’ thinking, it too just extrapolates. The VIX has no idea when the market is about to reverse course, as it did in 2000, 2008 or 2025. Despite this flaw, however, you might wonder if the VIX would nonetheless be useful as a portfolio hedge. In other words, even if the effect is delayed, the VIX seems like it might be helpful if it goes up when the market goes down, and vice versa.  In The Four Pillars of Investing, William Bernstein looks at this question. He examines a popular ETF (ticker: VXX) that tracks the VIX index. On the surface, this looks like an effective way to protect a portfolio. In the first three months of 2020, for example, when Covid arrived, and the stock market began to drop, this ETF rose more than 200%. But that was one narrow time period. Other periods were punishing for VXX. Bernstein points to 2010-2011, when the S&P 500 rose about 8.5% per year, on average. What did VXX do? You might expect that it would have fallen proportionately. But it cratered, losing 74% of its value. Bernstein asks wryly, “You didn’t expect that someone would sell you bear market insurance for free, did you?” That, unfortunately, is the issue. Because of the way it’s constructed, the VIX doesn’t work as a perfect offset to the stock market. That’s why, in my view, investors are best served by a much simpler portfolio structure, consisting of stocks and primarily short-term Treasury bonds. While this combination isn’t flawless, it’s delivered far less volatile results over time than any strategy built around the VIX. Like many things in finance, the VIX is interesting, but ultimately not very useful.   Adam M. Grossman is the founder of Mayport, a fixed-fee wealth management firm. Sign up for Adam's Daily Ideas email, follow him on X @AdamMGrossman and check out his earlier articles.
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Manifesto

NO. 4: GOOD SAVINGS habits are the greatest of the financial virtues. If we aren’t good savers, it’s all but impossible to grow wealthy. What if we are? We’ll likely prosper, even if we’re mediocre investors.

think

CORRELATIONS. Investors often buy uncorrelated investments, in the hope that some securities will post gains when others are struggling. The correlation among different stocks is usually high. Instead, to lower the volatility of a portfolio with significant stock exposure, investors typically turn to bonds, cash investments and alternative investments.

Truths

NO. 83: ROTTEN markets early in retirement can wreak havoc. At that point, our portfolio is at its largest—and the combination of lousy returns and our own spending can mean huge dollar losses. Even if we later enjoy handsome investment results, our nest egg may not benefit much, because it’s so shrunken—a danger known as sequence-of-return risk.

act

CALCULATE YOUR required nest egg. Once retired, you’ll likely have Social Security and perhaps a traditional employer pension. How much additional income will you need for a comfortable retirement? This money will need to come from savings. Take your desired portfolio income, multiply by 25—and you’ll have an estimate for how big a nest egg you need.

Basics

Manifesto

NO. 4: GOOD SAVINGS habits are the greatest of the financial virtues. If we aren’t good savers, it’s all but impossible to grow wealthy. What if we are? We’ll likely prosper, even if we’re mediocre investors.

Spotlight: Houses

The Path Not Taken

IN AN EARLIER ARTICLE, I wrote about a catastrophic stock market loss that taught me—the hard way—about the benefits of diversification and the importance of managing my own investments. That loss derailed our plans to build a large and expensive home in the hills overlooking Austin, Texas.
We were heartbroken at the time. This had been our dream for several years. But it’s funny how life works out sometimes—and it may have been the best thing that ever happened to us.

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Should young people buy or rent?

My son is 30 something working in Silicon Valley paying outlandish rents and looking at expensive housing. Is it still a good option to purchase in this market? I was burned on real estate as a young adult and don’t want to advise him If it is not a good idea.

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Lucky Strikes

WHEN OPPORTUNITY knocks, will you be ready? In the past 15 months, my wife and I have had two attractive but completely unexpected opportunities presented to us.
On Labor Day 2019, a neighbor at our New Jersey Shore house told us they were selling their home. They had bought a lot nearby and were planning to build a larger house to accommodate their growing brood of grandchildren. They knew my wife and I had a third grandson on the way,

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Happy to Be Home

IN THE PAST THREE years, Jim and I have moved five times—three times in Spain and twice in Dallas. We sold almost all our possessions when we moved to Spain, taking just four suitcases and two cats. When we returned to Dallas, we didn’t bring home much more—five suitcases and two cats.
Fortunately, I’ve discovered that I prefer living in a smaller home. I love the design of Spanish houses, which are—on average—just half the size of equivalent U.S.

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Altered State

IN A RECENT POST, I suggested three questions that folks should consider before moving out of California. As a California native who has lived many other places, I appreciate the weather and convenience of living here, and I urged others to think carefully before moving away.
The post generated some great discussion when I shared it on my Facebook page. Based on the comments left by my friends, here are some added considerations and tips for those thinking of leaving California:

Take a test drive.

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Neighborhood Watch

I BOUGHT A CONDO a few months back and have spent the past two months moving in. If I’d moved in before I retired, the process would have lasted no more than a month. But as I’m now retired and my time is virtually unlimited, I am merely halfway through the move-in process and type this sitting at a portable camp table.
While the move-in has been slow, it’s lightyears faster than the process of meeting the neighbors.

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Spotlight: Berard

O.K., I Give Up, You Win!

I have been getting more and more frustrated with many friends and relatives, I have tried, in vain , to share what I have learned from HumbleDollar, Ben Graham, William Bernstein , et.al.. I have decided that henceforth, whenever someone asks me what they should do with some cash, perhaps from the sale of a house in an estate sale, a small inheritance, or what investments to choose in a retirement plan, I now say, " I am not qualified to advise you, even free of any fees ,as per usual,  because I have a sneaking feeling that when you hear or read any type negative news ,and markets crash,you will have a meltdown,and do the polar opposite of what logic and history suggests, and then you will be irritated and/or angry with me and I do not want that to occur, and then you will avoid me for decades and perhaps berate me in public or even ghost me, yell at my dog, and secretly hope that I may have to listen to country or rap music when I die and go to Hell with the fire and brimstone ,for longer than eternity and also infinity,  and I will be bedeviled by a guy with a pitchfork ( no pun intended) and horns and that will not be good.  ( As evidenced by you doing exactly that, in the past, and life is too short, etc.) Ha ha, of course, I do not say all of that . I simply make a confused type looking face, throw my hands skyward, and say, " It beats the Hell out of me!"* Naturally, this is only effective for persons that are in the same room with me. During phone conversations or texting  then I suggest reading a book or two, I am informed that they have no time. Or I speak in my robotic voice, thus, " I am sorry, the number you have reached is  not in service",etc. Here are a few of the things  I have been told by very smart people, guys whom have built their entire house, only subbing out the foundation , plumbing and septic work. One of them cut the trees down ,all by himself,  used his father's small sawmill to make the wood used to frame the house, and that house will be standing centuries from now. Another friend is so talented that he finds old Model T cars, abandoned in the woods, and rebuilds them , the finished product looks like it just rolled off the assembly line. A couple of them are computer whizzes, coding, building their own computers, etc. For example, wife and I tried , in vain, a bit ago, to transfer data and phone records,  and texts from a galaxy phone to an Iphone, with zero success. My co-worker got it done while  hungover, and talking on his his own phone, catching grief from the wife for drinking too much, and so forth. It took him 6 minutes. That time would have been much less if he didn't keep falling asleep. Alas, here a few of the comments and ideas I have heard from these very intelligent people.  The best method for becoming wealthy, is to buy a house and keep it for a long time. The store on the corner is the best place to buy lottery tickets, they have had 6 million dollar winners in the last year. The stock market is far too risky, even for long time frames, it could go to zero! It is always better, financially, to buy a car , brand new, and dump it as soon as it is off warranty, that way, you never get hit with expensive repairs. Mike, didn't you hear about that terrible mutual fund scandal , years ago? Those people will never get their money back! I don't contribute to the 401(K) with the company match because, the rich people control the markets, and they will steal all of the money. I panicked when the market dropped and I cashed out my 401, and paid 30 grand in taxes and early withdrawal penalties. I have no regrets, better safe than sorry. I know I am only 30 years old, but, I am no longer interested in even the target date fund from  that Vanguard the money was in. ( I asked him when if he was so worried, he didn't just exchange the money into the money market fund within the plan. " Too risky!") I work so hard as a food and beverage worker, and I only got a thousand dollar tax refund! So unfair! And the billionaires don't pay any taxes, they have all the loopholes!" The only reason Warren Buffett and his buddies donate so much to charity is so they can get a huge deduction on their taxes. Finally,lucky for you, I do advise never playing any lottery, as the average return is anywhere from negative 30 to negative 50 percent. The largest prizes are taxed so heavily, of course, indeed, when a billion dollar prize is awarded , if the lump sum is selected, well over half goes to the state and federal people. The annuity payments over 30 years, allows the states to earn interest on that pile of money, of course. Tails I win, heads, you lose.   I am often told, " If you don't play, you cannot win." * Decades ago, I worked at the Heald Machine Division of Cincinnati -Milacron in central Mass. , and when things went south, and I mean Antarctica south,  which happened with alarming frequency, The " Heald Wave"  was initiated, very similar to the signal for a touchdown in football, it is performed by  throwing both hands skyward ,arching your back,  and  swearing a lot. Then , followed by, " Oh well, that's the way it goes in the machine tool business!"
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Easier Is Often More Lucrative And Cheaper, And Not Only In Financial Topics

As autumn is upon us, and I observe my nice neighbors toil for hours on end, they are raking, blowing, vacuuming, etc., the millions of once beautiful leaves, alas, they are no longer attractive, just an enormous annoyance for the majority. I submit, as a former leaf raker, the following. When investing, simpler is generally the correct option for millions of people not named "Buffett", to wit, a 3 or even 2 fund portfolio would outperform a vast majority of more complicated accounts, a total world stock market fund, a short term treasury fund for liquidity, and so forth. I am convinced, and the data appears to confirm , that simpler when maintaining the grounds is also the rock solid  path to victory, the low cost "index funds" of the landscaping world, if you will. I offer the following, clearing the leaves should be no more labor intensive than simply mowing the lawn. All we need to do is run the leaves over with the mower, if a mulching blade is on the machine, one pass does it. A conventional blade may require a second pass, but, voila', the leaves are now shredded , and will soon compost into rich loam. Mowing the grass and bagging the clippings and dumping them is not the right way , either. Remove the bag, and let the clippings rot into loam. I think of the clippings as the dividends of the grass, let them compound , and over the years, they will add a lot of nutrients and growth. Having stock dividends and bond interest reinvested contributes a great deal to growth, of course, and is far better than spending the income on blue hair, tattoos and 20 dollar beer at a pro game. Not too long ago, it could be a bit of a headache to reinvest dividends, as tracking cost basis was not pleasant, perhaps similar to having a tooth pulled with no anesthesia while suffering a hangover, and listening to Yoko Ono " singing" ,etc.( Yoko, I am sure you are a great person and have many favorable qualities, but, singing is not one of them, IMO) Fairly recent changes in regulations now require that investment companies track cost basis for you. I am sure that many of you do not mow your lawns, rather you hire a landscaper, but, if you ask him or her to recycle the grass and leaves,I am sure it would save some money, and truly,it is much better for the yard. There are a few major errors when so many invest, market timing, buying high and selling low, letting the tax tail wag the dog, chasing performance, buying active funds, and the like. The major errors in lawn care are, cutting the grass much too short. Unless you are working for a country club, the Boston Red Sox or similar, set the mower on the highest level and the lawn will be much more resistant to dry periods, have less weeds and look fine. Always mowing in the same direction, watering at the wrong time, etc., are not good practices, either. If you insist on watering, do it just before the sun comes up, and not at high noon, when up to half can be subject to evaporation. It is frustrating to see my great neighbors scalp the grass, then set up the sprinklers to try and force the grass to grow. If all of the grass is cut to the same height, 4 inches looks fine, certainly better than 1 inch tall, turning brown and sprouting weeds. I am probably the  only person in the universe whom welcomes the leaves and I have often driven my lawn tractor with the cart, happily picking up the brown bags of leaves my neighbors put out on the curb. ( Next spring, they will eagerly buy yards of loam at 30 bucks a cubic yard, ....?) Also, a bit of either pelletized or ground limestone will hasten the rotting of the grass and leaves, and pushing a spreader is fine exercise, for larger areas, a spreader towed behind a Deere works, also. Why not let our dividends compound throughout the year, weekly,as well as the clippings, in the fall, reinvest the capital financial gains, and the capital gains of the leaves. Have you ever wondered why the woods are very difficult to walk , tangles of vines and trees, and so forth. It is because the leaves and dead trees are nurturing that soil, left undisturbed, trees grow so close together, and that soil is black gold, loaded with nutrients and earthworms. Now, maybe we can compare active traders to the carpenter ants and termites , we certainly do not want active traders churning our investments, especially in non tax advantaged accounts, but, they are needed to keep the markets efficient, and we are free to use index funds. As for the ants, no one wants them anywhere near the house, but they perform a valuable service, in the wild, as they do their business, helping return the brush to nature. I respectfully ask that those whom are overwhelmed by the leaves, try my approach, just mow them, rather than employing those backpack leaf blowers, even on a paved driveway, set the mower at one inch, and the leaves will be shredded. The next breeze will blow them away. If I am horribly wrong, please, and your lawn looks like a herd of elephants went on a rampage, let me know, and i will humbly never again write even a single word. But, why not try  to save time and money, get better results,  and institute the practices that are far superior in both investing and landscaping? In many cases, easier does not pan out to superior results. But, in many cases, it does.  
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Credit Card Debt.

American credit card debt just broke the trillion dollar level.  Taking on  debt, “ bad” debt, credit cards , auto loans and similar, is a like attending a raucous party ,  taking in too much alcohol , etc. The aftermath , paying off high interest loans, is like the worst hangover, ever. It can take decades to recover from it. Often,  too much alcohol can kill you, quickly or long term, * alas , debt can kill you, quickly, ** or long term , *financially. Foreclosure, and often bankruptcy are far too common issues. * John Bonham , the drummer for Led Zeppelin, died after having 48 vodka drinks in 24 hours. ** A good friend ended up in the emergency room and nearly died after defaulting on a loan from a  , uh, * sub- prime” lender.
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Social Security

Jonathon, please, what type bond should I consider social security, short, long, etc. Or, is it more like an immediate fixed annuity and so forth. Thank You. Maybe somewhere in between,?
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Fascinating facts, at least to me

A 10 dollar investment in Berkshire-Hathaway in 1965 would now be worth about $ 500,000 large. Not bad. Or, to quote the late Bob Newhart, " Oh boy." ( no exclamation point) A very financially unsophisticated  woman in New York worked for the same company for 67 years, never earning very high salaries, and when she passed away a few years ago, she had a net worth of almost ten million dollars. Long Term Capital Management had tremendous computers, graphs and charts, very hard working and wise financial geniuses, etc., and they ended up collapsing. ( they had extremely high leverage ratios, and that was not very wise) One of the most intelligent men, ever, Isaac Newton, was not a very good investor.* He originally made money on The South Sea Trading Company, but as the mania grew , he wasn't happy with his gain, reinvested, and lost it all. After that, he forbade anyone to speak the words, " South Sea", in his presence.  (Newton , basically on a dare, created a new branch of math, after  a friend asked him why the planets behaved as they did, he created both differential and integral calculus to get the answers. It took him about 3 months) All of the gold ever mined on Earth, would fit on a baseball diamond, a cube , 90 feet to each side. It is truly amazing what some people try and do for money.  Buying lottery tickets, frenetically trading stocks at light speed and the like.  However, one individual stands above the rest,as far as not being prudent,  that would be the guy whom kept antagonizing Mike Tyson on an airplane, a bit ago. After several warnings by Mike to the not wise person, to knock it off, all were in vain, Mike resorted to physical means, and that did not end up well. There is zero amount of law suit money, in my opinion, to justify that incident. Buying penny stocks, using leverage are passive and wise when compared to some methods of making money. ( Me and some friends, a long time ago, watched Tyson pummel a heavy bag, two big guys were holding it, but often the force of the punches knocked all 3 backwards, a bit.) And since the Constitution prohibits cruel and also unusual punishment, I shall end my typing forthwith, and thank you. * Sadly, I will  not mention any names, but, having a much lower level of smarts than Newton,  does not automatically make one a good investor, either. That is a known known, and he is working on it. And that smell is not someone frying liver and onions, he is thinking!
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More leading economic indicators.

Now, with the growing tension in the Mideast , the breakup of JLo and Ben Affleck, the new kickoff rules in the NFL and other horrific events, I feel I must continue my quest to try and scope out the economic future. If this is blocked for any reason, I understand, cruel and unusual punishment is banned by our Constitution. 1) I asked the circus people how things are going, it was a mixed bag. The acrobat was “ walking a tightrope”, financially. The magician saw his earnings go up in smoke, and the knife thrower was right on target. 2) At The NRA, all the new members were “ shooting the lights out”. 3)  At the diner, the wait staff had reached, “ The Tipping Point”, and were threatening to quit, but the owner says, “ things will pan out!” 4) Over  at Jenny Craig, the staff are overweight on health care stocks. 5) The markets are a bit too high, at least according to short sellers, Danny De Vito, Paul Simon and Robert Reich. 6) In Las Vegas, gamblers are unsure, also, so they are “ rolling the dice “, etc. 7) At the egg farm, the owner told me, “ cracks are appearing”. 8) The people at LASIK, are worried, as they were blindsided by the big interest rate drop. 9) And over at the TD Garden, the Celtics said a recession is a “ slam dunk”, and the Bruins think they are skating on thin ice. 10) The surveyors are plotting the path  and the axe men are “ clearing a path “ to the future.  
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