I posted the following as a comment on another forum topic, but I think maybe it merits a stand-alone conversation. In my time as a tax preparer I witnessed at least a dozen instances where large refunds were held up either by the IRS or the state.
I have mentioned this cautionary warning before regarding over withholding. A client had about $8k withheld from a $10k distribution. Her situation changed one year and she was due an $8k tax refund.

Here are some proposals I’ve seen for fixing Social Security.
Remove the income cap on the payroll tax. Currently at $168.600, this would have people and their employer, as well as self-employed folks pay the tax on all of their income. It would not include any commensurate increase in their benefits. While I’ve never had the problem of earning over the income cap, it doesn’t seem entirely fare to me to put all of the load these people.

Hello,
I have been reading here for a while, and enjoying the conversations. I am hoping some experts can weigh in here.
I am 58 years old and employed at a nonprofit org. I have recently been promoted and am earning a comfortable amount. I have already maxed out my 403b contributions (403b is the nonprofit equivalent of the 401k).
I asked my employer if we have a Roth IRA contribution option and we don’t.
My question is: can I contribute to a Roth IRA on my own?

I’m reading frequently these days about Roth conversions and Required Minimum Distribution tax bombs.  Since I couldn’t know my own future tax rates and situation in advance, I have attempted throughout my working years to balance tax-deferred and tax-exempt.  I find myself close to retirement with the following breakdown:
45% tax-deferred (Traditional IRA, 401k, etc)
12% taxable (brokerage, savings, etc)
43% tax-exempt (Roth IRA, Roth 401k, HSA)
I haven’t done any kind of analysis to see if Roth conversions will be advantageous to me at some point,

I started listing the various taxes Americans pay, but gave up rather quickly. It’s a long list and some of them are a bit obscure like hotel room taxes, taxes on phone bills, a tax on scrapped tires and such. Of course there are Social Security and Medicare taxes as well. I paid $98,080 in Medicare taxes during my working life – one of those big scary numbers. 😎
What the US doesn’t have is Value Added Tax (VAT) –

DEATH AND TAXES are inevitable—and, as I keep getting reminded, also inextricably entwined.
I’m not so fortunate that I need worry about federal estate taxes. That privilege belongs to those who die with $13.61 million in 2024. But that doesn’t mean the taxman isn’t hovering over my demise, raising a host of lesser issues.
Paying the piper. Over the past few years, my focus has been on making big Roth conversions while staying within the 24% federal income-tax bracket.

The Social Security trust fund is a foolish piece of accounting nonsense—and the blathering about how the trust fund is running out of money is just a gigantic distraction from the Social Security system’s fundamental problem. To understand why, ask yourself two questions.
First, when the trust fund cashes in some of the special Treasury bonds it holds, where does the Treasury Department get the money to buy back those bonds? The same place that money comes from to fund all government operations: by levying taxes and by issuing more debt.

If you own a traditional IRA that has nondeductible and deductible contributions as well as earnings and you also have an employer sponsored tax deferred account like a 401(k) or Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) that will accept an IRA rollover, then here’s a way to do a tax-free Roth conversion. I learned about this maneuver from a comment to my comment on a prior HD article. It’s pretty slick although a little complicated, so I thought it deserved to be its own HD article.

I read here on HD and regularly elsewhere about Roth conversions. I never did one mainly because they weren’t available until after I retired at 67. 
My questions are:
is there an age when doing the FIRST conversion for the FIRST Roth account is no longer prudent —- and if a conversion is made is it typical to pay tax taxes from the account being converted or other sources?

There has been a plethora of back and forth in the HD Forum recently about what constitutes income. I hesitate to wade into these stormy seas. But what the heck. I wrote an article a while ago that discussed the various meanings of income that the tax code uses.  Head there if you want a discussion of Gross income, Adjusted Gross Income (AGI), Modified AGI, Taxable income, and Combined income.
Right off the bat I’ll state that this argument will never be won.

You betcha, but also necessary – unless you have a better idea to generate income for the Social Security and Medicare trusts.
You and I did not pay for our Social Security benefits. In the aggregate all beneficiaries have paid for about 15% of benefits received. I did not contribute toward my pension so it’s fully taxable. If I had contributed on an after-tax basis that portion would not be taxed. 
I looked at the total I paid in FICA taxes as well as what my employers paid from 1959 until I retired in 2010. 

The IRS on Thursday issued final regulations regarding Required Minimum Distribution (RMD) requirements for those who inherit retirement accounts which were published in the Federal Register today 7/19/2024. The final regulations requires Non-Eligible Designated Beneficiaries to take RMDs starting in 2025 if the decedent had already reached their required beginning date.
The full final regulations can be read here –
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/07/19/2024-14542/required-minimum-distributions
The summary of the rule as published in the Federal Register is effective 9/17/2024 follows-
This document sets forth final regulations relating to required minimum distributions from qualified plans;

Social Security is an important program. Millions of Americans rely on it and millions more will in the future. At the same time it is widely misunderstood. Rumors of its demise are exaggerated. Some people unfortunately act on such misinformation by starting benefits early. 
Making the program solvent for the foreseeable future is actually quite easy and relatively painless using a combination of changes For example, just making Section 125 employer cafeteria plans subject to the payroll tax would reduce the funding gap by 10% according the the Committee For a Responsible Federal budget calculator –

My family has been using HSAs as stealth Roth IRAs (with the added benefit of a tax deduction), in that after a couple of years in the beginning, we no longer make withdrawals for current medical expenses.
One neat trick we were able to pull off is that my son, while on our insurance before age 26, made the family contribution to his HSA (in addition to my wife’s family contribution and $1000 catch-up contributions for me &

As John Yeigh points out in his article this morning, https://humbledollar.com/2024/07/driven-by-taxes/ taxes dive a lot (too much?) of our behavior.
What do people do for mid-year tax planning?   I’m currently doing a version of the |”spend from taxable to keep income low to qualify for ACA credits but fretting about whether I should be doing Roth conversions and/or geting out of positions in highly appreciated individual stocks that comprise too much of my portfolio” dance.   I’ve got a spreadsheet going,